{"id":2175,"date":"2022-05-08T23:22:19","date_gmt":"2022-05-08T23:22:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2175"},"modified":"2022-05-08T23:22:19","modified_gmt":"2022-05-08T23:22:19","slug":"pottery-shard-reveals-missing-link-in-alphabets-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/archaeology\/pottery-shard-reveals-missing-link-in-alphabets-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Antick\u00fd \u00falomok keramiky odha\u013euje ch\u00fdbaj\u00faci \u010dl\u00e1nok vo v\u00fdvoji abecedy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Starov\u011bk\u00fd keramick\u00fd st\u0159ep odhaluje chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek ve v\u00fdvoji abecedy<\/h2>\n\n

Objev p\u0159evrac\u00ed d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy<\/h2>\n\n

Archeologov\u00e9 vykopali 3 500 let star\u00fd keramick\u00fd st\u0159ep v Izraeli, kter\u00fd nab\u00edz\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky o v\u00fdvoji abecedy. N\u00e1pis na st\u0159epu, nejstar\u0161\u00ed zaznamenan\u00fd text v zemi, nazna\u010duje, \u017ee standardizovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m p\u00edsma dorazil do Kenaanu d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo.<\/p>\n\n

Kenaansk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo: Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek<\/h2>\n\n

P\u00edsmo na keramick\u00e9m st\u0159epu p\u0159edstavuje \u201echyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek\u201c spojuj\u00edc\u00ed abecedn\u00ed n\u00e1pisy nalezen\u00e9 v Egypt\u011b a na Sinaji s pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u00edsmem z Kenaanu. P\u00edsmena maj\u00ed n\u00e1padnou podobnost s egyptsk\u00fdmi hieroglyfy, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee kenaansk\u00e1 abeceda se vyvinula z t\u011bchto starov\u011bk\u00fdch symbol\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Zpochybn\u011bn\u00ed teorie egyptsk\u00e9ho vlivu<\/h2>\n\n

Tento objev zpochyb\u0148uje dlouho zast\u00e1vanou hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee abeceda byla p\u0159edstavena do Kenaanu b\u011bhem vl\u00e1dy egyptsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. N\u00e1pis p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9 nadvl\u00e1d\u011b, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee abeceda ji\u017e byla v Kenaanu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na ve 15. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l.<\/p>\n\n

Tel Lachish: Kvetouc\u00ed kenaansk\u00e9 m\u011bsto<\/h2>\n\n

Keramick\u00fd st\u0159ep byl nalezen v lokalit\u011b Tel Lachish, kter\u00e1 byla domovem velk\u00e9ho kenaansk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta. Kenaanci zde kolem roku 2000 p\u0159. n. l. zalo\u017eili opevn\u011bn\u00e9 mocensk\u00e9 centrum a m\u011bsto po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed vzkv\u00e9talo.<\/p>\n\n

Podrobnosti a interpretace n\u00e1pisu<\/h2>\n\n

N\u00e1pis na keramick\u00e9m st\u0159epu sest\u00e1v\u00e1 ze \u0161esti p\u00edsmen uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdch do dvou \u0159\u00e1dk\u016f. Epigrafist\u00e9 se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee prvn\u00ed t\u0159i p\u00edsmena mohou hl\u00e1skovat slovo \u201eebed\u201c, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201eotrok\u201c nebo \u201eslu\u017eebn\u00edk\u201c. Druh\u00fd \u0159\u00e1dek by mohl zn\u00edt \u201enophet\u201c, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201enektar\u201c nebo \u201emed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n

\u00damluvy p\u0159i pojmenov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd v\u00fdznam<\/h2>\n\n

Je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee n\u00e1pis tvo\u0159il sou\u010d\u00e1st jm\u00e9na osoby. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b bylo b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 kombinovat \u201eslu\u017eebn\u00edka\u201c se jm\u00e9nem m\u00edstn\u00edho boha, aby se symbolizovala oddanost.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdvoj kenaansk\u00e9 abecedy<\/h2>\n\n

V pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu se kenaansk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo rozd\u011blilo do dvou v\u011btv\u00ed: abecedy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 starov\u011bk\u00fdmi Izraelity k naps\u00e1n\u00ed hebrejsk\u00e9 bible a verze pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 F\u00e9ni\u010dany.<\/p>\n\n

\u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed abecedy<\/h2>\n\n

Po zhroucen\u00ed velk\u00fdch st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed kolem roku 1200 p\u0159. n. l. se abeceda roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila z Kenaanu do sousedn\u00edch oblast\u00ed. Varianta abecedy se pou\u017e\u00edvaly v Turecku, \u0160pan\u011blsku a nakonec vedly ke vzniku latinsk\u00e9 abecedy, kter\u00e1 se dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v psan\u00e9 angli\u010dtin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

Hieroglyfick\u00fd p\u016fvod abeced<\/h2>\n\n

\u201eV\u0161echny abecedy se vyvinuly z hieroglyf\u016f,\u201c vysv\u011btluje Felix H\u00f6flmayer, hlavn\u00ed autor studie. \u201eNyn\u00ed v\u00edme, \u017ee abeceda nebyla do Levantu p\u0159inesena egyptskou nadvl\u00e1dou. Byla mnohem star\u0161\u00ed a za jin\u00fdch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

Prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum a nejistoty<\/h2>\n\n

A\u010dkoli tento objev poskytuje cenn\u00e9 poznatky, vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 tak\u00e9 nov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci st\u00e1le pracuj\u00ed na ur\u010den\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu n\u00e1pisu a na tom, zda m\u011bl b\u00fdt \u010dten zleva doprava nebo zprava doleva. Techniky datov\u00e1n\u00ed tak\u00e9 p\u0159inesly ur\u010dit\u00e9 nejistoty, proto\u017ee zrna je\u010dmene nalezen\u00e1 vedle st\u0159epu nemusela b\u00fdt sklizena ve stejnou dobu, kdy byla n\u00e1doba vytvo\u0159ena.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdznam objevu<\/h2>\n\n

Keramick\u00fd st\u0159ep z lokality Tel Lachish je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm archeologick\u00fdm objevem, kter\u00fd vrh\u00e1 sv\u011btlo na p\u016fvod a v\u00fdvoj abecedy, z\u00e1kladn\u00edho n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00fd po stalet\u00ed formoval lidskou komunikaci a pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Starov\u011bk\u00fd keramick\u00fd st\u0159ep odhaluje chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek ve v\u00fdvoji abecedy Objev p\u0159evrac\u00ed d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy Archeologov\u00e9 vykopali 3 500 let star\u00fd keramick\u00fd st\u0159ep v Izraeli, kter\u00fd nab\u00edz\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky o v\u00fdvoji abecedy.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[4546,88,4548,4549,4550,2622,4547,4551,873,1643],"class_list":["post-2175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-alphabet","tag-archaeology","tag-egypt","tag-hieroglyphs","tag-israel","tag-language","tag-canaan","tag-pottery","tag-writing","tag-ancient-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2175"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2176,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2175\/revisions\/2176"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}