Uprost\u0159ed s\u00edl\u00edc\u00edch ekologick\u00fdch obav na konci \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch let dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1dala skupina studentsk\u00fdch aktivist\u016f na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fd a nekonven\u010dn\u00ed protest: zinscenovan\u00fd soudn\u00ed proces se sedanem Ford z roku 1959. Tato ud\u00e1lost, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako soudn\u00ed proces s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b, se m\u011bla st\u00e1t rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm okam\u017eikem v historii environment\u00e1ln\u00edho aktivismu.<\/p>\n\n
Dne 11. b\u0159ezna 1970 se p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1 000 lid\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017edilo na travnat\u00e9m \u010dtverci v centru kampusu Ann Arbor, aby byli sv\u011bdky procesu. Sedan byl obvin\u011bn z \u201evra\u017edy americk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti, p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed hranic st\u00e1tu za \u00fa\u010delem zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed, podn\u011bcov\u00e1n\u00ed dopravn\u00edch z\u00e1cp, vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed fyzick\u00e9 a psychick\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti a diskriminace chud\u00fdch\u201c.<\/p>\n\n
Soudn\u00ed proces p\u0159il\u00e1kal \u0159adu barvit\u00fdch postav, mezi nimi \u201eRoba Rockyfellera\u201c, jen\u017e sv\u011bd\u010dil o tom, \u017ee v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 plyny z automobilu jsou jen polovi\u010dn\u00ed toxick\u00e9 ne\u017e aspirin, a \u201eDr. Sigmunda Forda\u201c, kter\u00fd tvrdil, \u017ee automobil je nezbytn\u00fd pro americkou psychiku a \u017ee jej nelze odstranit.<\/p>\n\n
Navzdory p\u016fvodn\u00edmu verdiktu soudce ve prosp\u011bch sedanu jej aktivist\u00e9 bez okolk\u016f vyvedli z jednac\u00ed s\u00edn\u011b a p\u0159edali proces shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9mu davu, kter\u00fd vynesl rozsudek viny. Automobil byl odsouzen k smrti a n\u00e1sledn\u011b rozbit na kusy pomoc\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kladiv.<\/p>\n\n
Soudn\u00ed proces s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b nebyl ojedin\u011blou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed. Byl sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed vlny environment\u00e1ln\u00edch protest\u016f a v\u00fdukov\u00fdch akc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se konaly po cel\u00e9 zemi v obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed prvn\u00edm Dnem Zem\u011b v roce 1970.<\/p>\n\n
V t\u00e9 dob\u011b byl automobil hlavn\u00edm zdrojem zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a mnoz\u00ed aktivist\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee jej je t\u0159eba nahradit udr\u017eiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi zp\u016fsoby dopravy. Proces v Michiganu byl odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm pokusem upozornit na tento probl\u00e9m a zpochybnit dominanci automobilu v americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n
Soudn\u00ed proces s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b m\u011bl v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na environment\u00e1ln\u00ed hnut\u00ed. Pomohl zv\u00fd\u0161it pov\u011bdom\u00ed o environment\u00e1ln\u00edch probl\u00e9mech zp\u016fsobovan\u00fdch automobily a inspiroval dal\u0161\u00ed aktivisty k akci.<\/p>\n\n
Proces tak\u00e9 sehr\u00e1l roli p\u0159i formov\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1dn\u00ed politiky. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech Agentura pro ochranu \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed (EPA) zavedla p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed emisn\u00ed normy pro automobily a Kongres p\u0159ijal z\u00e1kon o \u010dist\u00e9m ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00fd d\u00e1le sn\u00ed\u017eil zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 vozidly.<\/p>\n\n
Soudn\u00ed proces s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 siln\u00fdm symbolem environment\u00e1ln\u00edho hnut\u00ed sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let. Je to p\u0159ipom\u00ednka d\u016fle\u017eitosti aktivismu a s\u00edly \u0159adov\u00fdch ob\u010dan\u016f zm\u011bnit sv\u011bt k lep\u0161\u00edmu.<\/p>\n\n
Dnes jsou v\u00fdzvy, kter\u00fdm \u010del\u00ed dopravn\u00ed sektor, jin\u00e9 ne\u017e v roce 1970, ale pot\u0159eba udr\u017eiteln\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed je stejn\u011b nal\u00e9hav\u00e1. D\u011bdictv\u00ed soudn\u00edho procesu s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b nad\u00e1le inspiruje aktivisty i politiky, aby pracovali na zelen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed budoucnosti.<\/p>\n\n
Jedn\u00edm z dlouhodob\u00fdch d\u016fsledk\u016f dominance automobilu v americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti bylo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed d\u00e1lnic, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto m\u011blo ni\u010div\u00fd dopad na m\u011bstsk\u00e1 spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
D\u00e1lnice vyhnaly cel\u00e9 \u010dtvrti, zbouraly domy a podniky a vytvo\u0159ily bari\u00e9ry, kter\u00e9 rozd\u011bluj\u00ed komunity. P\u0159isp\u011bly tak\u00e9 ke zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, hlukov\u00e9mu zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edm environment\u00e1ln\u00edm probl\u00e9m\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n
Soudn\u00ed proces s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b byl bud\u00ed\u010dkem, kter\u00fd upozornil na pot\u0159ebu opustit dopravn\u00ed syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na automobilech a p\u0159ej\u00edt na takov\u00fd, kter\u00fd nab\u00edz\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed hromadnou dopravu a dal\u0161\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 alternativy.<\/p>\n\n
Soudn\u00ed proces s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b sehr\u00e1l roli ve v\u00fdvoji p\u0159edpis\u016f o zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed pro automobily. V letech n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch po procesu zavedla EPA p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed emisn\u00ed normy pro vozidla a Kongres p\u0159ijal z\u00e1kon o \u010dist\u00e9m ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00fd d\u00e1le sn\u00ed\u017eil zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 vozidly.<\/p>\n\n
Tato opat\u0159en\u00ed byla \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 ve v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ovzdu\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho automobily, ale v\u00fdzva klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn vy\u017eaduje je\u0161t\u011b agresivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup. Dnes existuje rostouc\u00ed hnut\u00ed za p\u0159echod na elektrick\u00e1 vozidla a dal\u0161\u00ed vozidla s nulov\u00fdmi emisemi za \u00fa\u010delem sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plyn\u016f a zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed dopad\u016f klimatick\u00fdch zm\u011bn.<\/p>\n\n
Soudn\u00ed proces s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b nastolil d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se udr\u017eitelnosti automobilov\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Tyto ot\u00e1zky se diskutuj\u00ed dodnes.<\/p>\n\n
N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee automobily jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro osobn\u00ed mobilitu a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd r\u016fst, zat\u00edmco jin\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee se mus\u00edme posunout k udr\u017eiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsob\u016fm dopravy. Debata je slo\u017eit\u00e1 a neexistuje snadn\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f, ale je to debata, kterou mus\u00edme i nad\u00e1le v\u00e9st.<\/p>\n\n
Soudn\u00ed proces s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b byl kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm okam\u017eikem v historii environment\u00e1ln\u00edho aktivismu. Zv\u00fd\u0161il pov\u011bdom\u00ed o environment\u00e1ln\u00edch probl\u00e9mech zp\u016fsobovan\u00fdch automobily, inspiroval dal\u0161\u00ed aktivisty k akci a pomohl formovat vl\u00e1dn\u00ed politiku. D\u011bdictv\u00ed procesu nad\u00e1le inspiruje aktivisty i politiky, aby pracovali na zelen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed budoucnosti.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Soudn\u00ed proces s automobilem na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b: Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed okam\u017eik v environment\u00e1ln\u00edm aktivismu Uprost\u0159ed s\u00edl\u00edc\u00edch ekologick\u00fdch obav na konci \u0161edes\u00e1t\u00fdch let dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1dala skupina studentsk\u00fdch aktivist\u016f na Michigansk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fd…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[4721,67,4720,120],"class_list":["post-2281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environmental-science","tag-car-culture","tag-environmental-activism","tag-university-of-michigan","tag-sustainability"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2281","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2281"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2281\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2282,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2281\/revisions\/2282"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2281"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2281"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2281"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}