{"id":2341,"date":"2019-07-29T00:23:00","date_gmt":"2019-07-29T00:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2341"},"modified":"2019-07-29T00:23:00","modified_gmt":"2019-07-29T00:23:00","slug":"the-myth-of-the-golden-age-detroit-autoworkers-in-the-1950s","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/life\/labor-and-industry\/the-myth-of-the-golden-age-detroit-autoworkers-in-the-1950s\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fdtus zlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku: Automobilov\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci v Detroitu v 50. letech"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00fdtus zlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku: Detro\u012bt\u0161t\u00ed automobilov\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci v 50. letech<\/h2>\n\n

Pracovn\u00ed nepokoje a ekonomick\u00e1 nestabilita<\/h2>\n\n

Pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed je \u010dasto vzpom\u00edn\u00e1no jako doba prosperity a r\u016fstu pro americk\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edky, zejm\u00e9na pro ty v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu v Detroitu. Tento idealizovan\u00fd pohled v\u0161ak nedok\u00e1\u017ee zachytit realitu pracovn\u00edch nepokoj\u016f a ekonomick\u00e9 nestability, kter\u00e1 pr\u016fmysl v tomto obdob\u00ed su\u017eovala.<\/p>\n\n

Prek\u00e9rn\u00ed povaha pr\u00e1ce v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159es lukrativn\u00ed smlouvy vyjednan\u00e9 United Automobile Workers (UAW) \u010delili automobilov\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci neust\u00e1l\u00fdm propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm a nejistot\u011b. Pr\u016fmysl byl vysoce volatiln\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e st\u00e1vky a nedostatek materi\u00e1lu \u010dasto uzav\u00edraly tov\u00e1rny na cel\u00e9 t\u00fddny nebo dokonce m\u011bs\u00edce.<\/p>\n\n

Dopady pracovn\u00edch spor\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

St\u00e1vky a neopr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 odchody z pr\u00e1ce byly v detroitsk\u00fdch automobilk\u00e1ch b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, co\u017e vedlo k roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 nezam\u011bstnanosti. Tyto spory byly vyvol\u00e1ny \u0159adou faktor\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b arogantn\u00edch mistr\u016f, \u0161patn\u00e9ho v\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed a dokonce i odstran\u011bn\u00ed dve\u0159\u00ed na toaletn\u00edch st\u00e1nc\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n

Ekonomick\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy<\/h2>\n\n

Nestabilita automobilov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu m\u011bla zni\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed dopad na p\u0159\u00edjmy d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f. Podpora v nezam\u011bstnanosti byla mizern\u00e1, co\u017e nutilo automobilov\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edky, aby se spol\u00e9hali na vedlej\u0161\u00ed zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed, aby vy\u017eili. I v dobr\u00fdch letech byla propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 a ro\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdd\u011blky mohly v\u00fdrazn\u011b kol\u00edsat.<\/p>\n\n

Fale\u0161n\u00fd p\u0159\u00edslib zlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku<\/h2>\n\n

M\u00fdtus \u201ezlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku\u201c pro detroitsk\u00e9 automobilov\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edky \u0161\u00ed\u0159ili historici a ekonomov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee hodinov\u00e9 mzdy a odborov\u00e9 smlouvy poskytovaly spolehliv\u00fd zdroj p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f. Tento p\u0159edpoklad v\u0161ak ignoroval realitu propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a st\u00e1vek.<\/p>\n\n

Dopad korejsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/h2>\n\n

Korejsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka m\u011bla v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd dopad na detroitsk\u00fd automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. Na rozd\u00edl od druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byly v\u00fddaje na obranu rozlo\u017eeny po cel\u00e9 zemi, zat\u00edmco p\u0159\u00edd\u011bly kov\u016f omezily v\u00fdrobu automobil\u016f v Detroitu. To vedlo k n\u00e1r\u016fstu nezam\u011bstnanosti, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ve m\u011bst\u011b se soust\u0159edilo a\u017e 250 000 uchaze\u010d\u016f o zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Diskriminace a automatizace<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159es popt\u00e1vku po pracovn\u00ed s\u00edle byly diskrimina\u010dn\u00ed bari\u00e9ry do\u010dasn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eeny, co\u017e umo\u017enilo v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu po\u010dtu afroamerick\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f, b\u00edl\u00fdch \u017een a osob se zdravotn\u00edm posti\u017een\u00edm naj\u00edt pr\u00e1ci v automobilk\u00e1ch. Tito nov\u00ed zam\u011bstnanci v\u0161ak nebyli imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di volatilit\u011b pr\u016fmyslu a b\u011bhem pokles\u016f byli \u010dasto propou\u0161t\u011bni.<\/p>\n\n

Cyklus vzestup\u016f a p\u00e1d\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl proch\u00e1zel v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 50. let \u0159adou cykl\u016f vzestup\u016f a p\u00e1d\u016f. Obdob\u00ed vysok\u00e9 popt\u00e1vky vedla ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9mu n\u00e1boru, ale tyto zisky byly \u010dasto vymaz\u00e1ny n\u00e1sledn\u00fdmi recesemi. Recese v roce 1958 zpusto\u0161ila detroitsk\u00e9 automobilov\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edky, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e \u010dtvrt milionu lid\u00ed z\u016fstalo bez pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n

D\u011bdictv\u00ed zlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku<\/h2>\n\n

M\u00fdtus \u201ezlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku\u201c pro detroitsk\u00e9 automobilov\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edky ovlivnil jak pracovn\u00ed, tak firemn\u00ed historiky. Pracovn\u00ed historici romantizovali tuto \u00e9ru jako obdob\u00ed spravedlnosti a odborov\u00e9 moci, zat\u00edmco firemn\u00ed historici ji vyu\u017eili k tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee nadm\u011brn\u00e1 moc d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f a vysok\u00e9 mzdy vedly k \u00fapadku pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n\n

Realita pr\u00e1ce v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu v 50. letech<\/h2>\n\n

Realita pro automobilov\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edky v Detroitu v 50. letech byla mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e nazna\u010duje m\u00fdtus \u201ezlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku\u201c. Pr\u00e1ce v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu byla \u010dasto nejist\u00e1 a nestabiln\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a st\u00e1vky p\u0159edstavovaly neust\u00e1lou hrozbu pro \u017eivobyt\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f. Cyklick\u00e1 povaha pr\u016fmyslu zt\u011b\u017eovala automobilov\u00fdm d\u011bln\u00edk\u016fm zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 budoucnosti.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00fdtus zlat\u00e9ho v\u011bku: Detro\u012bt\u0161t\u00ed automobilov\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci v 50. letech Pracovn\u00ed nepokoje a ekonomick\u00e1 nestabilita Pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed je \u010dasto vzpom\u00edn\u00e1no jako doba prosperity a r\u016fstu pro americk\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edky, zejm\u00e9na pro ty…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4822],"tags":[4016,3060,4821,243,4820],"class_list":["post-2341","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-labor-and-industry","tag-labor-history","tag-economic-inequality","tag-detroit-history","tag-resilience","tag-industrial-workers"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2341","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2341"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2341\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2342,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2341\/revisions\/2342"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2341"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2341"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2341"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}