{"id":2528,"date":"2021-01-06T00:17:58","date_gmt":"2021-01-06T00:17:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2528"},"modified":"2021-01-06T00:17:58","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T00:17:58","slug":"turing-theory-biological-patterns-proven-true","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/biology\/turing-theory-biological-patterns-proven-true\/","title":{"rendered":"Turingova teorie biologick\u00fdch vzor\u016f: Pr\u016flom ve v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 biologii"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Turingova teorie biologick\u00fdch vzor\u016f prok\u00e1z\u00e1na jako pravdiv\u00e1<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alan Turingova p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f<\/h2>\n\n<p>V 50. letech 20. stolet\u00ed navrhl matematik Alan Turing teorii, kter\u00e1 vysv\u011btluje, jak vznikaj\u00ed vzory v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee dva chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, aktiv\u00e1tor a inhibitor, spole\u010dn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed tyto vzory. Aktiv\u00e1tor spou\u0161t\u00ed tvorbu vzoru, zat\u00edmco inhibitor ji potla\u010duje. Tento opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se cyklus vede k rozvoji pravideln\u00fdch vzor\u016f, jako jsou pruhy, skvrny a spir\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fkazy<\/h2>\n\n<p>Po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1vala Turingova teorie neov\u011b\u0159en\u00e1. Ale ned\u00e1vno v\u011bdci na\u0161li experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 ji podporuj\u00ed. P\u0159i studiu v\u00fdvoje patrov\u00fdch h\u0159eben\u016f u my\u0161\u00ed zjistili, \u017ee aktiv\u00e1tor FGF a inhibitor SHH hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli p\u0159i tvorb\u011b h\u0159eben\u016f. Kdy\u017e byl FGF vypnut\u00fd, vyvinuly my\u0161i slab\u00e9 h\u0159ebeny. Naopak, kdy\u017e byl vypnut\u00fd SHH, h\u0159ebeny se spojily do jedin\u00e9 hromady. To dokazuje, \u017ee aktiv\u00e1tor a inhibitor spolu interaguj\u00ed, p\u0159esn\u011b jak Turing p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bl.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Model aktiv\u00e1tor-inhibitor<\/h2>\n\n<p>Turing\u016fv model aktiv\u00e1tor-inhibitor se stal z\u00e1kladn\u00edm konceptem v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 biologie. Vysv\u011btluje, jak bu\u0148ky spolu komunikuj\u00ed, aby vytv\u00e1\u0159ely slo\u017eit\u00e9 vzory. Aktiv\u00e1tor spou\u0161t\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed v\u00fdvojov\u00fd proces, jako je tvorba pruhu nebo skvrny. Inhibitor se pot\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed tk\u00e1n\u00ed a potla\u010duje aktiv\u00e1tor, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zabra\u0148uje p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e9mu \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed vzoru. Tato interakce mezi aktiv\u00e1torem a inhibitorem vede ke vzniku pravideln\u00fdch, opakuj\u00edc\u00edch se vzor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aplikace ve v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 biologii<\/h2>\n\n<p>Turingova teorie m\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed ve v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 biologii. Byla pou\u017eita k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed vzniku cel\u00e9 \u0159ady biologick\u00fdch vzor\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pruhy u zeb\u0159i\u010dek<\/li>\n<li>Skvrny na k\u016f\u017ei leopard\u016f<\/li>\n<li>P\u00edrka na k\u0159\u00eddlech ku\u0159at<\/li>\n<li>H\u0159ebeny na patrech my\u0161\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Prsty a prsty na rukou a nohou \u010dlov\u011bka<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Turing\u016fv odkaz<\/h2>\n\n<p>Tragicky se Turing nedo\u017eil toho, aby vid\u011bl dopad sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce na v\u00fdvojovou biologii. V roce 1952 byl odsouzen za homosexu\u00e1ln\u00ed akty a jako trest byl chemicky vykastrovan\u00fd. V roce 1954 si vzal \u017eivot. Jeho odkaz v\u0161ak \u017eije d\u00e1l prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jeho pr\u016fkopnick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f k v\u011bd\u011b. Turingova teorie biologick\u00fdch vzor\u016f je sv\u011bdectv\u00edm o jeho genialit\u011b a jeho trval\u00e9m vlivu na na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pr\u016fzkum long-tailov\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch slov<\/h3>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Jak Turingova teorie vysv\u011btluje biologick\u00e9 vzory:<\/strong> Turing\u016fv model aktiv\u00e1tor-inhibitor p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee dva chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, aktiv\u00e1tor a inhibitor, spole\u010dn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed vzory v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Aktiv\u00e1tor spou\u0161t\u00ed tvorbu vzoru, zat\u00edmco inhibitor ji potla\u010duje. Tento opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se cyklus vede k rozvoji pravideln\u00fdch vzor\u016f, jako jsou pruhy, skvrny a spir\u00e1ly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fkazy pro Turingovu teorii:<\/strong> V\u011bdci na\u0161li experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fkazy podporuj\u00edc\u00ed Turingovu teorii studiem v\u00fdvoje patrov\u00fdch h\u0159eben\u016f u my\u0161\u00ed. Zjistili, \u017ee aktiv\u00e1tor FGF a inhibitor SHH hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli p\u0159i tvorb\u011b h\u0159eben\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00fdznam Turingovy pr\u00e1ce pro pochopen\u00ed v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 biologie:<\/strong> Turingova teorie biologick\u00fdch vzor\u016f se stala z\u00e1kladn\u00edm konceptem v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 biologie. Vysv\u011btluje, jak bu\u0148ky spolu komunikuj\u00ed, aby vytv\u00e1\u0159ely slo\u017eit\u00e9 vzory. Tato teorie byla pou\u017eita k vysv\u011btlen\u00ed vzniku cel\u00e9 \u0159ady biologick\u00fdch vzor\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b pruh\u016f u zeb\u0159i\u010dek, skvrn na k\u016f\u017ei leopard\u016f, p\u00edrek na k\u0159\u00eddlech ku\u0159at, h\u0159eben\u016f na patrech my\u0161\u00ed a prst\u016f a prst\u016f na rukou a nohou \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Turingova teorie biologick\u00fdch vzor\u016f prok\u00e1z\u00e1na jako pravdiv\u00e1 Alan Turingova p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f V 50. letech 20. stolet\u00ed navrhl matematik Alan Turing teorii, kter\u00e1 vysv\u011btluje, jak vznikaj\u00ed vzory v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee dva&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[288],"tags":[59,5099,5098,5103,5102,97,5100,5101],"class_list":["post-2528","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","tag-alan-turing","tag-biological-patterns","tag-activator-inhibitor-model","tag-turing-theory","tag-pattern-formation","tag-science","tag-developmental-biology","tag-natures-patterns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2528","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2528"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2528\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2529,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2528\/revisions\/2529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2528"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2528"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2528"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}