{"id":2730,"date":"2020-01-11T10:50:13","date_gmt":"2020-01-11T10:50:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2730"},"modified":"2020-01-11T10:50:13","modified_gmt":"2020-01-11T10:50:13","slug":"4-h-a-complex-legacy-in-american-agriculture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/agriculture\/4-h-a-complex-legacy-in-american-agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"4-H: Odkaz k modern\u00edmu zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed v USA"},"content":{"rendered":"

4-H: Komplexn\u00ed odkaz v americk\u00e9m zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Ran\u00e9 ko\u0159eny a modernizace<\/h2>\n\n

4-H, ikonick\u00e1 ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00e1 organizace ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, m\u00e1 historii sahaj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e do po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed. V dob\u011b, kdy mnoho venkovsk\u00fdch farm\u00e1\u0159\u016f kladlo odpor nov\u00fdm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm postup\u016fm, spolupracovali univerzitn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci s okresn\u00edmi \u0161koln\u00edmi inspektory na zalo\u017een\u00ed klub\u016f kuku\u0159ice, raj\u010dat a dal\u0161\u00edch plodin pro d\u011bti. Tyto kluby poskytovaly mlad\u00fdm lidem platformu, na kter\u00e9 se mohli dozv\u011bd\u011bt o modern\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch technik\u00e1ch, jako je testov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy a lep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br osiva, a osvojit si je.<\/p>\n\n

Zapojen\u00ed USDA a podnikov\u00e9 financov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

V roce 1914 Smith-Lever\u016fv z\u00e1kon formalizoval vztah mezi univerzitami s pozemkov\u00fdmi granty a bl\u00edzk\u00fdmi farmami a zalo\u017eil syst\u00e9m dru\u017estevn\u00edho poradenstv\u00ed na podporu osv\u011btov\u00fdch aktivit v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f. Do roku 1921 se r\u016fzn\u00e9 ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 kluby sjednotily pod hlavi\u010dkou 4-H, co\u017e znamenalo \u201ehlava, srdce, ruce a zdrav\u00ed\u201c, v nich\u017e se m\u011blo anga\u017eovat, aby \u201eud\u011blalo to nejlep\u0161\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b lep\u0161\u00edm.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

USDA usilovala o kontrolu nad organizac\u00ed a nakonec v roce 1939 z\u00edskala pln\u00e9 vlastnictv\u00ed n\u00e1zvu a embl\u00e9mu. Dnes 4-H dost\u00e1v\u00e1 finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky z N\u00e1rodn\u00edho institutu pro potraviny a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed USDA a tak\u00e9 z neziskov\u00e9 N\u00e1rodn\u00ed rady 4-H a od korpor\u00e1tn\u00edch d\u00e1rc\u016f, jako jsou Monsanto, ConAgra, DuPont a Altria.<\/p>\n\n

Pohlav\u00ed a New Deal<\/h2>\n\n

Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku se \u010dlenstv\u00ed v 4-H li\u0161ilo pro chlapce a d\u00edvky. Zat\u00edmco chlapci se zam\u011b\u0159ovali na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 projekty, d\u00edvky se \u00fa\u010dastnily \u010dinnost\u00ed v dom\u00e1cnosti, jako je v\u00fdchova d\u011bt\u00ed, va\u0159en\u00ed a po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u00e1cnosti. B\u011bhem \u00e9ry New Deal v\u0161ak 4-H sehr\u00e1la v\u00fdznamnou \u00falohu p\u0159i pomoci USDA implementovat pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy, jako je z\u00e1kon o zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch \u00faprav\u00e1ch, kter\u00fd poskytoval zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016fm dotace na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed p\u0159ebytk\u016f a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cen plodin.<\/p>\n\n

Poradci, kte\u0159\u00ed propagovali dotovan\u00e9 plodiny, str\u00e1vili zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dasu prac\u00ed s ml\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm d\u016fv\u011bry jak budouc\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f, tak jejich rodi\u010d\u016f. Tyto vztahy pomohly p\u0159esunout zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed od pracovn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch metod k kapit\u00e1lov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm, mechanizovan\u00fdm postup\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n

Druh\u00e1 sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka a d\u00e1le<\/h2>\n\n

S vypuknut\u00edm druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed 4-H p\u0159esunulo na vlastenectv\u00ed. Programy Victory Garden ve m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech povzbuzovaly mlad\u00e9 lidi k p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed potravin pro v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed. Po v\u00e1lce za\u010dala Amerika vyv\u00e1\u017eet svou antikomunistickou, pro-agropodnikatelskou zem\u011bd\u011blskou agendu do zahrani\u010d\u00ed a zakl\u00e1dat programy 4-H v rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdzvy a v\u00fdvoj<\/h2>\n\n

4-H \u010delila v\u00fdzv\u00e1m souvisej\u00edc\u00edm s rasovou diskriminac\u00ed a genderovou nerovnost\u00ed. Afroamerick\u00e9 kluby 4-H byly segregovan\u00e9 a\u017e do z\u00e1kona o ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1vech z roku 1964 a n\u011bkter\u00e9 byly kv\u016fli tomu uzav\u0159eny. V posledn\u00edch letech se 4-H sna\u017e\u00ed tyto probl\u00e9my \u0159e\u0161it a prosazovat rozmanitost a inkluzi.<\/p>\n\n

Udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a budoucnost<\/h2>\n\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci 4-H zkoumaj\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 postupy. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017eit na veletrz\u00edch, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata jsou \u010dasto krmena r\u016fstov\u00fdmi hormony, kter\u00e9 byly v n\u011bkter\u00fdch zem\u00edch zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny kv\u016fli obav\u00e1m o dobr\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed podm\u00ednky zv\u00ed\u0159at a lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ekologick\u00e9 chovy hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at se uk\u00e1zaly jako slibn\u00e9, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata dosahuj\u00ed na aukc\u00edch vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch cen.<\/p>\n\n

4-H se neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edj\u00ed a p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje se, aby vyhov\u011bla pot\u0159eb\u00e1m mlad\u00fdch lid\u00ed a m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed se zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajin\u011b. Programy jsou nyn\u00ed k dispozici v oborech STEM, alternativn\u00ed energie a v\u00fd\u017eiva a je vynakl\u00e1d\u00e1no \u00fasil\u00ed na to, aby byly dostupn\u00e9 i pro opom\u00edjen\u00e9 komunity.<\/p>\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova s dlouh\u00fdm \u0445\u0432\u043estem:<\/h2>\n\n