Darov\u00e1n\u00ed je univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e1 praxe, kterou sociologov\u00e9 a antropologov\u00e9 zkoumaj\u00ed u\u017e des\u00edtky let. Je to komplexn\u00ed fenom\u00e9n, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee odhalit poznatky o spole\u010densk\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch, kulturn\u00edch norm\u00e1ch a spole\u010densk\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch. <\/p>\n\n
Jednou z nejvlivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch teori\u00ed darov\u00e1n\u00ed je Mauss\u016fv v\u00fdm\u011bnn\u00fd princip dar\u016f. Mauss tvrdil, \u017ee darov\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed pouh\u00fdm aktem \u0161t\u011bdrosti, n\u00fdbr\u017e sp\u00ed\u0161e formou spole\u010densk\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny, kter\u00e1 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a posiluje soci\u00e1ln\u00ed vazby. Identifikoval t\u0159i povinnosti spojen\u00e9 s v\u00fdm\u011bnou dar\u016f: darovat, p\u0159ijmout a oplatit.<\/p>\n\n
V 80. letech 20. stolet\u00ed provedli sociologov\u00e9 studii o darov\u00e1n\u00ed ve m\u011bst\u011b Muncie v Indian\u011b. Studie, kter\u00e1 zkoumala p\u0159es 4 000 dar\u016f dan\u00fdch b\u011bhem 366 V\u00e1noc, odhalila n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch pravidel ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch darov\u00e1n\u00ed. Dary mus\u00ed b\u00fdt d\u00e1ny spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm lidem, ve spr\u00e1vn\u00fd \u010das a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho typu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee rodi\u010de daj\u00ed v\u00edce d\u00e1rk\u016f mal\u00fdm d\u011btem, zat\u00edmco man\u017eel\u00e9 si maj\u00ed d\u00e1t v\u00edce d\u00e1rk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Ned\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studie zkoumaly darov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edmi. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci zjistili, \u017ee dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed darov\u00e1n\u00ed k tomu, aby zvl\u00e1dali sv\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed mezi vrstevn\u00edky a vyjedn\u00e1vali sv\u016fj spole\u010densk\u00fd status. \u010casto si vyb\u00edraj\u00ed dary, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed jejich vlastn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy a hodnoty, a mohou darov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edt k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed sv\u00e9 individuality nebo ke konformit\u011b se skupinov\u00fdmi normami.<\/p>\n\n
V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed kultura dar\u016f je \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1na za odraz genderov\u00fdch rol\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti. Studie uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee se od \u017een obvykle o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159evezmou hlavn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost za v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1kupy a darov\u00e1n\u00ed. To m\u016f\u017ee na \u017eeny vytv\u00e1\u0159et tlak, aby na\u0161ly dokonal\u00e9 d\u00e1rky a vytvo\u0159ily sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ru.<\/p>\n\n
Pro sociology jsou V\u00e1noce cennou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed ke studiu toho, jak lid\u00e9 p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed a jednaj\u00ed mezi sebou. Darov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem sv\u00e1tk\u016f m\u016f\u017ee odhalit poznatky o spole\u010densk\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch, kulturn\u00edch o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edch a spole\u010densk\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch. Je to doba, kdy se lid\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na na vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00e9 l\u00e1sky a vd\u011b\u010dnosti v\u016f\u010di druh\u00fdm a je to doba, kdy se posiluj\u00ed a obnovuj\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed vazby.<\/p>\n\n
Dary mohou hr\u00e1t v\u00fdznamnou roli p\u0159i budov\u00e1n\u00ed a udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00fdch vztah\u016f. Mohou vyjad\u0159ovat n\u00e1klonnost, vd\u011b\u010dnost a \u00factu. Mohou b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 pou\u017eity k omluv\u011b za chyby nebo k n\u00e1prav\u011b po konfliktu. Akt darov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed dar\u016f m\u016f\u017ee vytvo\u0159it pocit reciprocity a z\u00e1vazku, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee pomoci pos\u00edlit soci\u00e1ln\u00ed vazby.<\/p>\n\n
Darov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 odhalit spole\u010densk\u00e9 normy a hodnoty. Typy dar\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou d\u00e1ny, zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm jsou d\u00e1ny, a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se darov\u00e1n\u00ed, to v\u0161e m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout poznatky o hodnot\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 spole\u010dnost zast\u00e1v\u00e1. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v n\u011bkter\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch se pova\u017euje za d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 d\u00e1vat dary, kter\u00e9 jsou praktick\u00e9 a u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, zat\u00edmco v jin\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u00e1vat dary, kter\u00e9 jsou luxusn\u00ed nebo extravagantn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Darov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd kulturn\u00ed dopad. Je to zp\u016fsob, jak vyj\u00e1d\u0159it kulturn\u00ed identitu a p\u0159ed\u00e1vat kulturn\u00ed hodnoty z jedn\u00e9 generace na druhou. Darov\u00e1n\u00ed lze tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed pocitu soun\u00e1le\u017eitosti a k podpo\u0159e soci\u00e1ln\u00ed soudr\u017enosti.<\/p>\n\n
Zvyky darov\u00e1n\u00ed se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu vyv\u00edjely. V minulosti byly dary \u010dasto d\u00e1ny k ozna\u010den\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, jako jsou narozen\u00ed, man\u017eelstv\u00ed a \u00famrt\u00ed. V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b jsou dary \u010dasto d\u00e1ny z r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b narozenin, sv\u00e1tk\u016f a v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm jsou dary d\u00e1ny, se postupem \u010dasu zm\u011bnil. V minulosti byly dary \u010dasto d\u00e1ny osobn\u011b, ale dnes jsou \u010dasto d\u00e1ny po\u0161tou nebo online.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Sociologie dar\u016f: Jak dary utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed spole\u010dnost a vztahy Darov\u00e1n\u00ed: Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed fenom\u00e9n Darov\u00e1n\u00ed je univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e1 praxe, kterou sociologov\u00e9 a antropologov\u00e9 zkoumaj\u00ed u\u017e des\u00edtky let. Je to komplexn\u00ed fenom\u00e9n, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[824],"tags":[6024,6019,63,6022,6023,6021,6020,1252,2261],"class_list":["post-3096","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-social-science","tag-adolescent-behavior","tag-gift-giving","tag-culture","tag-cultural-values","tag-gender-roles","tag-social-norms","tag-social-exchange","tag-sociology","tag-relationships"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3096","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3096"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3096\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3097,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3096\/revisions\/3097"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3096"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3096"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3096"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}