{"id":3112,"date":"2022-10-18T20:00:20","date_gmt":"2022-10-18T20:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=3112"},"modified":"2022-10-18T20:00:20","modified_gmt":"2022-10-18T20:00:20","slug":"real-life-body-snatchers-parasites-that-manipulate-animal-behavior","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/biology\/real-life-body-snatchers-parasites-that-manipulate-animal-behavior\/","title":{"rendered":"Paraziti: Ovl\u00e1dci mysli zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e"},"content":{"rendered":"

Paraziti: skute\u010dn\u00ed vykrada\u010di t\u011bl, kte\u0159\u00ed manipuluj\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159at<\/h2>\n\n

Paraziti nejsou n\u00e1m\u011btem sci-fi; jsou to skute\u010dn\u00e9 organismy, kter\u00e9 napadaj\u00ed \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu tvor\u016f, od krys a cvr\u010dk\u016f, od mravenc\u016f po m\u016fry. Tito paraziti vyvinuli sofistikovan\u00e9 strategie, jak manipulovat chov\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00fdch hostitel\u016f, \u010dasto t\u011bmi nejstra\u0161ideln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi a nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi zp\u016fsoby.<\/p>\n\n

Paraziti, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bn\u00ed vzhled a chov\u00e1n\u00ed hostitele<\/h2>\n\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed paraziti m\u011bn\u00ed vzhled sv\u00fdch hostitel\u016f, aby je ud\u011blali atraktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi pro pred\u00e1tory, nebo aby je ud\u011blali m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00fdmi. Nap\u0159\u00edklad prvok Toxoplasma gondii, kter\u00fd se rozmno\u017euje ve st\u0159evech ko\u010dek, zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee krysy ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed strach z ko\u010di\u010d\u00ed mo\u010di. Ve skute\u010dnosti se c\u00edt\u00ed sexu\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159itahov\u00e1ni v\u016fn\u00ed, co\u017e z nich d\u011bl\u00e1 snadnou ko\u0159ist pro ko\u010dky.<\/p>\n\n

Paraziti, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159epadnou nervov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my hostitel\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Jin\u00ed paraziti p\u0159epadnou nervov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my sv\u00fdch hostitel\u016f a nut\u00ed je chovat se tak, aby to parazitovi prosp\u011blo. Nap\u0159\u00edklad vlasovec Paragordius tricuspidatus infikuje cvr\u010dky a produkuje proteiny, kter\u00e9 je p\u0159itahuj\u00ed k jasn\u00e9mu sv\u011btlu. To vede cvr\u010dky k tomu, \u017ee se vrhnou do vody, kde vlasovec m\u016f\u017ee naj\u00edt partnera a rozmno\u017eovat se.<\/p>\n\n

Paraziti, kte\u0159\u00ed nahrazuj\u00ed org\u00e1ny hostitele<\/h2>\n\n

Ve skute\u010dn\u011b pozoruhodn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b parazitismu kor\u00fd\u0161 Cymothoa exigua napadne \u00fasta ryb z \u010deledi ch\u0148apalovit\u00fdch a nahrad\u00ed jejich jazyky. Parazit se p\u0159ichyt\u00ed ke ko\u0159eni jazyka ryby a saje jej\u00ed krev, co\u017e zp\u016fsob\u00ed zakrn\u011bn\u00ed jazyka. Jak parazit roste, st\u00e1v\u00e1 se funk\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1hradou jazyka a umo\u017e\u0148uje ryb\u011b pokra\u010dovat v p\u0159\u00edjmu potravy.<\/p>\n\n

Parazitick\u00e9 vosy a jejich mechanismy kontroly hostitele<\/h2>\n\n

Parazitick\u00e9 vosy vyvinuly \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu strategi\u00ed, jak manipulovat se sv\u00fdmi hostiteli. N\u011bkter\u00e9 vosy kladou sv\u00e1 vaj\u00ed\u010dka do t\u011bla housenek, kde se larvy vyv\u00edjej\u00ed a \u017eiv\u00ed se tk\u00e1n\u011bmi hostitele. Jak rostou, larvy uvol\u0148uj\u00ed chemik\u00e1lie, kter\u00e9 m\u011bn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed housenky a nut\u00ed ji chr\u00e1nit kokon, kter\u00fd larvy sp\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Jin\u00e9 vosy paralyzuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 hostitele a kladou sv\u00e1 vaj\u00ed\u010dka na jejich t\u011bla. Larvy, kter\u00e9 se z t\u011bchto vaj\u00ed\u010dek vyl\u00edhnou, se \u017eiv\u00ed krv\u00ed hostitele a nakonec ho zabij\u00ed. P\u0159ed smrt\u00ed pavouk utk\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165, kter\u00e1 se nepodob\u00e1 ni\u010demu, co by norm\u00e1ln\u011b ud\u011blal, a poskytne tak bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro v\u00fdvoj larev vosy.<\/p>\n\n

Barnacles, kte\u0159\u00ed sterilizuj\u00ed a p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed kraby v n\u00e1hradn\u00ed matky<\/h2>\n\n

Parazitick\u00fd kor\u00fd\u0161 Sacculina carcini napad\u00e1 kraby a m\u011bn\u00ed je v n\u00e1hradn\u00ed matky. Kor\u00fd\u0161 se p\u0159ichyt\u00ed ke kloubu v exoskeletu kraba a vys\u00edl\u00e1 v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky do t\u011bla kraba, kde krade \u017eiviny z krve kraba. Kor\u00fd\u0161 tak\u00e9 uvol\u0148uje chemik\u00e1lie, kter\u00e9 kraba sterilizuj\u00ed a nut\u00ed ho pe\u010dovat o vaj\u00ed\u010dka kor\u00fd\u0161e, jako by byla jeho vlastn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

\u010cervi s trnitou hlavou, kte\u0159\u00ed vedou kor\u00fd\u0161e do sv\u011btla<\/h2>\n\n

\u010cerv s trnitou hlavou Polymorphus paradoxus infikuje kor\u00fd\u0161e a p\u0159itahuje je ke sv\u011btlu. Toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed je pro \u010derva prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9, proto\u017ee zvy\u0161uje pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee kor\u00fd\u0161 bude se\u017er\u00e1n kachnou, co\u017e je dal\u0161\u00ed hostitel \u010derva.<\/p>\n\n

Parazitick\u00e9 larvy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed beru\u0161ky na str\u00e1\u017ece<\/h2>\n\n

Parazitick\u00e1 vosa Dinocampus coccinellae klade sv\u00e1 vaj\u00ed\u010dka do t\u011bla beru\u0161ek. Larvy vosy se vyl\u00edhnou a \u017eiv\u00ed se tk\u00e1n\u011bmi beru\u0161ky. Jak rostou, uvol\u0148uj\u00ed jedy, kter\u00e9 m\u011bn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed beru\u0161ky a nut\u00ed ji st\u0159e\u017eit kokon, kter\u00fd larvy sp\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed. Pot\u00e9, co se z kokonu vyl\u00edhne dosp\u011bl\u00e1 vosa, se beru\u0161ka \u010dasto z traumatu zotav\u00ed, ale plodnost vosy se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Motolice motolice a jejich \u017eivotn\u00ed cyklus s v\u00edce hostiteli<\/h2>\n\n

Motolice motolice jsou paraziti, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed cyklus zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed t\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00e9 hostitele: \u0161neka, mravence a kr\u00e1vu. Vaj\u00ed\u010dka motolice jsou sn\u011bdena \u0161nekem, kter\u00fd produkuje sliz, aby zachytil larvy. Larvy nakonec ze \u0161neka uniknou a jsou se\u017er\u00e1ny mravencem. Uvnit\u0159 mravence se larvy vyvinou a migruj\u00ed do hlavy a mandibul mravence. Pot\u00e9 manipuluj\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00edm mravence a nut\u00ed ho vyl\u00e9zt na vrchol st\u00e9bla tr\u00e1vy a kousnout. To zvy\u0161uje pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee mravence se\u017eere kr\u00e1va, co\u017e je kone\u010dn\u00fd hostitel motolice.<\/p>\n\n

Paraziti\u010dt\u00ed plo\u0161t\u011bnci, kte\u0159\u00ed maskuj\u00ed \u0161neky jako housenky<\/h2>\n\n

Parazitick\u00fd plo\u0161t\u011bnec Leucochloridium paradoxum infikuje \u0161neky a zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee jejich o\u010dn\u00ed stonky vypadaj\u00ed jako \u0161\u0165avnat\u00e9 housenky. To p\u0159itahuje pt\u00e1ky, kte\u0159\u00ed \u0161neky se\u017eerou a nakaz\u00ed se plo\u0161t\u011bncem. Uvnit\u0159 pt\u00e1ka se plo\u0161t\u011bnec rozmno\u017e\u00ed a vytvo\u0159\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dka, kter\u00e1 jsou vylou\u010dena pta\u010d\u00edm trusem.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

Paraziti jsou fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed a \u010dasto d\u011bsiv\u00ed tvorov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed vyvinuli \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu strategi\u00ed, jak manipulovat chov\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00fdch hostitel\u016f. Tito paraziti hraj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v ekologii mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f a jejich slo\u017eit\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed cykly jsou d\u016fkazem \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 rozmanitosti \u017eivota na Zemi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Paraziti: skute\u010dn\u00ed vykrada\u010di t\u011bl, kte\u0159\u00ed manipuluj\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159at Paraziti nejsou n\u00e1m\u011btem sci-fi; jsou to skute\u010dn\u00e9 organismy, kter\u00e9 napadaj\u00ed \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu tvor\u016f, od krys a cvr\u010dk\u016f, od mravenc\u016f po m\u016fry. Tito…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[288],"tags":[309,2324,3489,252,97],"class_list":["post-3112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","tag-animal-behavior","tag-manipulation","tag-parasites","tag-nature","tag-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3112"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3113,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3112\/revisions\/3113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3112"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}