Oscarov\u00fd re\u017eis\u00e9r Steven Spielberg vyj\u00e1d\u0159il hlubokou l\u00edtost nad ne\u00famysln\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky sv\u00e9ho trh\u00e1ku z roku 1975, “\u010celisti”. Spielberg uznal, \u017ee filmov\u00e9 vykreslen\u00ed velk\u00e9ho b\u00edl\u00e9ho \u017eraloka jako krvela\u010dn\u00e9ho pred\u00e1tora p\u0159isp\u011blo k prudk\u00e9mu poklesu jeho populace.<\/p>\n\n
Po uveden\u00ed filmu “\u010celisti” do\u0161lo k n\u00e1r\u016fstu sportovn\u00edho lovu \u017eralok\u016f, proto\u017ee ryb\u00e1\u0159i se sna\u017eili napodobit filmov\u00e9 hrdiny. Tato “kolektivn\u00ed testosteronov\u00e1 vzpruha”, jak ji popsal George Burgess, b\u00fdval\u00fd \u0159editel Floridsk\u00e9ho programu pro v\u00fdzkum \u017eralok\u016f, vedla k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu velk\u00fdch \u017eralok\u016f ve vod\u00e1ch v\u00fdchodn\u011b od Severn\u00ed Ameriky.<\/p>\n\n
Zat\u00edmco “\u010celisti” zpo\u010d\u00e1tku vyvolaly strach ze \u017eralok\u016f, vzbudily tak\u00e9 fascinaci. Tato fascinace v\u0161ak byla zm\u00edrn\u011bna rostouc\u00edmi obavami o pokles populace \u017eralok\u016f v d\u016fsledku nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho rybolovu. Podle \u010cerven\u00e9ho seznamu ohro\u017een\u00fdch druh\u016f Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho svazu ochrany p\u0159\u00edrody je v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159etina v\u0161ech druh\u016f \u017eralok\u016f a p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 75 procent oce\u00e1nsk\u00fdch druh\u016f \u017eralok\u016f ohro\u017eeno vyhynut\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n
N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed odborn\u00edci tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee “\u010celisti” sehr\u00e1ly roli ve zhor\u0161en\u00ed strachu ze \u017eralok\u016f neboli galeofobie. Odborn\u00edk na fobie Christopher Paul Jones poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee lid\u00e9 s t\u00edmto strachem \u010dasto uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed “\u010celisti” jako z\u00e1klad sv\u00e9 \u00fazkosti. Film pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 nap\u00ednavou hudbu a omezenou viditelnost pod vodou, co\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pocit strachu, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee ovlivnit vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eralok\u016f div\u00e1ky.<\/p>\n\n
A\u010dkoli “\u010celisti” mohly p\u0159isp\u011bt ke strachu ve\u0159ejnosti ze \u017eralok\u016f, hlavn\u00edm faktorem poklesu jejich populace je nadm\u011brn\u00fd rybolov. Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 ryb\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 praktiky zdecimovaly populace \u017eralok\u016f po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 popt\u00e1vkou po \u017eralo\u010d\u00ed ploutvov\u00e9 pol\u00e9vce a dal\u0161\u00edch produktech.<\/p>\n\n
Peter Benchley, autor rom\u00e1nu z roku 1974, kter\u00fd inspiroval “\u010celisti”, tak\u00e9 vyj\u00e1d\u0159il l\u00edtost nad dopadem, kter\u00fd jeho d\u00edlo m\u011blo na populace \u017eralok\u016f. Pozd\u011bji se stal ochr\u00e1ncem \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a zast\u00e1ncem ochrany \u017eralok\u016f a uv\u011bdomil si, \u017ee \u017eraloci nejsou ze sv\u00e9 podstaty agresivn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di lidem a hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli v mo\u0159sk\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mech.<\/p>\n\n
Navzdory sv\u00fdm ne\u00famysln\u00fdm d\u016fsledk\u016fm z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed “\u010celisti” filmov\u00fdm mistrovsk\u00fdm d\u00edlem, kter\u00e9 upevnilo Spielbergovo postaven\u00ed jako zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na. Odkaz filmu je slo\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 jak fascinaci, tak obavy o blaho \u017eralok\u016f. Dnes v\u011bdci a ochr\u00e1nci p\u0159\u00edrody nad\u00e1le pracuj\u00ed na ochran\u011b t\u011bchto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch mo\u0159sk\u00fdch pred\u00e1tor\u016f a z\u00e1rove\u0148 uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed kulturn\u00ed dopad, kter\u00fd “\u010celisti” m\u011bly na na\u0161e vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Steven Spielberg a jeho “\u010celisti” a jejich dopad na populace \u017eralok\u016f Spielbergova l\u00edtost Oscarov\u00fd re\u017eis\u00e9r Steven Spielberg vyj\u00e1d\u0159il hlubokou l\u00edtost nad ne\u00famysln\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky sv\u00e9ho trh\u00e1ku z roku 1975, “\u010celisti”. Spielberg…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24254,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[6578,6577,6575,265,629,6576],"class_list":["post-3441","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-marine-biology","tag-environmental-awareness","tag-film-impact","tag-jaws","tag-marine-life","tag-shark-conservation","tag-steven-spielberg"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3441","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3441"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3441\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24255,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3441\/revisions\/24255"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24254"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3441"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3441"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3441"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}