{"id":3576,"date":"2021-02-22T21:10:48","date_gmt":"2021-02-22T21:10:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=3576"},"modified":"2021-02-22T21:10:48","modified_gmt":"2021-02-22T21:10:48","slug":"oldest-chess-piece-unearthed-in-jordan-sheds-light-on-games-origins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/archaeology\/oldest-chess-piece-unearthed-in-jordan-sheds-light-on-games-origins\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u011b\u017e z Humajmy: Nejstar\u0161\u00ed nalezen\u00e1 \u0161achov\u00e1 figurka odhaluje p\u016fvod hry"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed \u0161achov\u00e1 figurka nalezen\u00e1 v Jord\u00e1nsku vrh\u00e1 sv\u011btlo na p\u016fvod hry<\/h2>\n\n

Objev v\u011b\u017ee z Humajmy<\/h2>\n\n

V roce 1991 archeologov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bli vykop\u00e1vky starov\u011bk\u00e9ho isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edho st\u0159ediska Humajma v Jord\u00e1nsku, narazili na malou p\u00edskovcovou figurku, kter\u00e1 byla pozd\u011bji identifikov\u00e1na jako nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e1 \u0161achov\u00e1 figurka. Dvouhrot\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e, kter\u00e1 je vysok\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e jeden palec, byla p\u016fvodn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1na za olt\u00e1\u0159, ale dal\u0161\u00ed zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed odhalilo jej\u00ed skute\u010dnou podstatu.<\/p>\n\n

Datov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bdci datovali v\u011b\u017e z Humajmy do obdob\u00ed mezi lety 680 a 749 n. l. na z\u00e1klad\u011b historick\u00e9ho kontextu lokality a stylu \u0159ezby. To \u0159ad\u00ed figurku do obdob\u00ed Umajjovc\u016f, kdy mocn\u00e1 Abb\u00e1sovsk\u00e1 dynastie kontrolovala region.<\/p>\n\n

\u0160achy v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b<\/h2>\n\n

Objev v\u011b\u017ee z Humajmy vrh\u00e1 sv\u011btlo na rychl\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed \u0161ach\u016f v isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee \u0161achy vznikly v Indii v \u0161est\u00e9m stolet\u00ed a rychle z\u00edskaly popularitu v Persii. V sedm\u00e9m stolet\u00ed se hra dostala na Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod a hr\u00e1li ji jak muslimov\u00e9, tak k\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

Abb\u00e1sovci a \u0161achy<\/h2>\n\n

Humajma bylo rodn\u00fdm m\u011bstem abb\u00e1sovsk\u00e9ho klanu, kter\u00fd v roce 750 n. l. svrhl Umajjovce a vl\u00e1dl velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a\u017e do roku 1258 n. l. Abb\u00e1sovci byli zn\u00e1m\u00ed svou podporou um\u011bn\u00ed a v\u011bd a je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee sehr\u00e1li roli v \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed \u0161ach\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

\u0160achy jako z\u00e1bava<\/h2>\n\n

\u0160achy se rychle staly obl\u00edbenou z\u00e1bavou v ran\u00e9m isl\u00e1msk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Bavili se jimi lid\u00e9 v\u0161ech spole\u010densk\u00fdch vrstev, od elity a\u017e po oby\u010dejn\u00e9 lidi. Hra byla vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako zp\u016fsob, jak p\u0159eklenout rozd\u00edly a podpo\u0159it intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed stimulaci.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdvoj v\u011b\u017ee<\/h2>\n\n

Dvouhrot\u00e1 v\u011b\u017e z Humajmy je variantou p\u016fvodn\u00ed podoby \u0161achov\u00e9 figurky, kterou byl v\u016fz ta\u017een\u00fd dv\u011bma ko\u0148mi. Kdy\u017e se \u0161achy dostaly do isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, vzhled v\u011b\u017ee se zm\u011bnil kv\u016fli z\u00e1kazu figurativn\u00edch zobrazen\u00ed. Figurka si v\u0161ak zachovala sv\u016fj p\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u00e1zev \u201erukh\u201c v per\u0161tin\u011b, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201ev\u016fz\u201c. Kdy\u017e Evropan\u00e9 o n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed pozd\u011bji hru p\u0159ijali, interpretovali hroty jako zdivo na pevnostech nebo v\u011b\u017e\u00edch, a tak se v\u011b\u017e stala hradem, kter\u00fd vid\u00edme dnes.<\/p>\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed ran\u00e9 \u0161achov\u00e9 figurky<\/h2>\n\n

A\u010dkoli je v\u011b\u017e z Humajmy nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mou \u0161achovou figurkou, kter\u00e1 byla definitivn\u011b identifikov\u00e1na, existuj\u00ed i jin\u00e9 exempl\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00e9 si mohou n\u00e1rokovat tento titul. Soubor figurek nalezen\u00fdch v Uzbekist\u00e1nu v roce 1977 poch\u00e1z\u00ed z doby kolem roku 700 n. l. a slonovinov\u00e1 figurka vykopan\u00e1 v byzantsk\u00e9m pal\u00e1ci v Alb\u00e1nii v roce 2002 se podob\u00e1 modern\u00ed \u0161achov\u00e9 figurce s k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem naho\u0159e. Kritici v\u0161ak tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee \u0161achy v tomto obdob\u00ed historie pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b je\u0161t\u011b ani nebyly vynalezeny.<\/p>\n\n

Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed hled\u00e1n\u00ed star\u0161\u00edch figurek<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b existuj\u00ed star\u0161\u00ed \u0161achov\u00e9 figurky, kter\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b \u010dekaj\u00ed na sv\u00e9 objeven\u00ed. Hra byla vynalezena nejm\u00e9n\u011b o stolet\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e byla vy\u0159ez\u00e1na v\u011b\u017e z Humajmy, a je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee existuj\u00ed star\u0161\u00ed exempl\u00e1\u0159e. Budouc\u00ed archeologick\u00e9 objevy mohou vrhnout je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce sv\u011btla na p\u016fvod a v\u00fdvoj t\u00e9to starov\u011bk\u00e9 a obl\u00edben\u00e9 hry.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed \u0161achov\u00e1 figurka nalezen\u00e1 v Jord\u00e1nsku vrh\u00e1 sv\u011btlo na p\u016fvod hry Objev v\u011b\u017ee z Humajmy V roce 1991 archeologov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed prov\u00e1d\u011bli vykop\u00e1vky starov\u011bk\u00e9ho isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edho st\u0159ediska Humajma v Jord\u00e1nsku, narazili…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[6775,88,6772,6776,6773,6771,6774],"class_list":["post-3576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-abbasids","tag-archaeology","tag-chess-history","tag-humayma-rook","tag-islamic-history","tag-chess","tag-umayyads"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3576","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3576"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3576\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3577,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3576\/revisions\/3577"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3576"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3576"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3576"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}