{"id":3902,"date":"2021-03-21T23:57:01","date_gmt":"2021-03-21T23:57:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=3902"},"modified":"2021-03-21T23:57:01","modified_gmt":"2021-03-21T23:57:01","slug":"brain-machine-interfaces-locked-in-patients","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/medical-technology\/brain-machine-interfaces-locked-in-patients\/","title":{"rendered":"Mozkovo-po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 rozhran\u00ed: Nad\u011bje pro pacienty s uzam\u010den\u00fdm syndromem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Brain-Machine rozhran\u00ed: Obnoven\u00ed komunikace pro pacienty s uzam\u010den\u00fdm syndromem<\/h2>\n\n

Porozum\u011bn\u00ed uzam\u010den\u00e9mu syndromu<\/h2>\n\n

Uzam\u010den\u00fd syndrom je vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 jedince paralyzovan\u00e9 a neschopn\u00e9 mluvit. Vyskytuje se, kdy\u017e je po\u0161kozen mozkov\u00fd kmen, \u010dasto v d\u016fsledku mrtvice, poran\u011bn\u00ed m\u00edchy nebo jin\u00fdch neurologick\u00fdch poruch. Pacienti s uzam\u010den\u00fdm syndromem jsou p\u0159i v\u011bdom\u00ed, ale nemohou se pohybovat ani komunikovat.<\/p>\n\n

Brain-Machine rozhran\u00ed: Jiskra nad\u011bje<\/h2>\n\n

Brain-Machine rozhran\u00ed (BMI) jsou \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 technologie, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edzej\u00ed nad\u011bji na obnoven\u00ed komunikace u pacient\u016f s uzam\u010den\u00fdm syndromem. Tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed implantovan\u00e9 elektrody k zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mozkov\u00e9 aktivity spojen\u00e9 s \u0159e\u010d\u00ed. Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 algoritmy pot\u00e9 tyto sign\u00e1ly p\u0159ekl\u00e1daj\u00ed do zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n\n

Dek\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u0159e\u010di<\/h2>\n\n

Jeden p\u0159\u00edstup k technologii BMI se zam\u011b\u0159uje na dek\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u0159e\u010di. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci objevili, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 oblasti mozku, jako je supramargin\u00e1ln\u00ed gyrus, jsou aktivov\u00e1ny, kdy\u017e jednotlivci potichu vyslovuj\u00ed slova ve sv\u00fdch hlav\u00e1ch. Implantac\u00ed elektrod do t\u011bchto oblast\u00ed mohou zachytit mozkov\u00e9 vzorce, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdm slov\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n

Vyhl\u00e1skov\u00e1n\u00ed komunikace<\/h2>\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup BMI zahrnuje p\u0159eklad mozkov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f do p\u00edsmen. Paralyzovan\u00ed pacienti se mohou pokusit vyslovit slova, kter\u00e1 k\u00f3duj\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno abecedy. Tato metoda jim umo\u017e\u0148uje hl\u00e1skovat slova a v\u011bty, co\u017e poskytuje efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob komunikace.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdzvy a pokroky<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee technologie BMI dos\u00e1hla zna\u010dn\u00e9ho pokroku, st\u00e1le existuj\u00ed v\u00fdzvy, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba p\u0159ekonat. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt invazivn\u00ed a n\u00e1kladn\u00e1 a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd v\u00fdcvik a kalibraci. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pracuj\u00ed na vylep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed hardwaru a softwaru, aby byly BMI m\u00e9n\u011b objemn\u00e9 a p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Neinvazivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy<\/h2>\n\n

Vynakl\u00e1d\u00e1 se tak\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed na v\u00fdvoj neinvazivn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f BMI. Tato za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed by pou\u017e\u00edvala techniky, jako je magnetoencefalografie (MEG), k zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed mozkov\u00e9 aktivity mimo lebku. P\u0159ekladem sign\u00e1l\u016f MEG do textu doufaj\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci, \u017ee vytvo\u0159\u00ed BMI, kter\u00e9 lze pou\u017e\u00edvat bez operace mozku.<\/p>\n\n

Individu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy<\/h2>\n\n

Zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm je \u0159e\u010d k\u00f3dov\u00e1na v mozku, se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it od \u010dlov\u011bka k \u010dlov\u011bku. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee r\u016fzn\u00e9 techniky BMI mohou b\u00fdt pot\u0159eba p\u0159izp\u016fsobit jedine\u010dn\u00fdm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotlivce. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci zkoumaj\u00ed v\u00edcesm\u011brn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy, aby zajistili, \u017ee BMI mohou fungovat v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kontextech.<\/p>\n\n

Etick\u00e9 \u00favahy<\/h2>\n\n

S rozvojem technologie BMI vyvst\u00e1vaj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 etick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Obavy zahrnuj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l zneu\u017eit\u00ed, dopad na autonomii pacient\u016f a pot\u0159ebu informovan\u00e9ho souhlasu. Vyv\u00edjej\u00ed se etick\u00e9 pokyny a p\u0159edpisy, aby se zajistilo odpov\u011bdn\u00e9 a soucitn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed BMI.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdhody pro pacienty s uzam\u010den\u00fdm syndromem<\/h2>\n\n

BMI maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l zm\u011bnit \u017eivoty pacient\u016f s uzam\u010den\u00fdm syndromem. Mohou obnovit komunikaci, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje jednotlivc\u016fm vyj\u00e1d\u0159it se, komunikovat s ostatn\u00edmi a znovu z\u00edskat pocit nez\u00e1vislosti. Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm ve v\u00fdvoji a zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed technologie BMI se v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci sna\u017e\u00ed d\u00e1t hlas t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed byli uml\u010deni uzam\u010den\u00fdm syndromem.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Brain-Machine rozhran\u00ed: Obnoven\u00ed komunikace pro pacienty s uzam\u010den\u00fdm syndromem Porozum\u011bn\u00ed uzam\u010den\u00e9mu syndromu Uzam\u010den\u00fd syndrom je vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 jedince paralyzovan\u00e9 a neschopn\u00e9 mluvit. Vyskytuje se, kdy\u017e je po\u0161kozen mozkov\u00fd…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[507],"tags":[7278,502,7279,7280,7281],"class_list":["post-3902","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medical-technology","tag-brain-machine-interfaces","tag-communication","tag-locked-in-syndrome","tag-neurotechnology","tag-medical-advancements"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3902","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3902"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3902\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3903,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3902\/revisions\/3903"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3902"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3902"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3902"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}