{"id":4014,"date":"2022-05-28T11:07:15","date_gmt":"2022-05-28T11:07:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4014"},"modified":"2022-05-28T11:07:15","modified_gmt":"2022-05-28T11:07:15","slug":"antikythera-mechanism-ancient-astronomical-marvel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/archaeology\/antikythera-mechanism-ancient-astronomical-marvel\/","title":{"rendered":"Antick\u00fd stroj z Antikyth\u00e9ry: P\u0159edch\u016fdce modern\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"

Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00fd mechanismus: starov\u011bk\u00fd astronomick\u00fd z\u00e1zrak<\/h2>\n\n

Objev a v\u00fdznam<\/h2>\n\n

V roce 1901 p\u0159inesl vrak lodi u pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Kr\u00e9ty pozoruhodn\u00fd objev: Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00fd mechanismus. Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, slo\u017een\u00e9 z 82 zkorodovan\u00fdch bronzov\u00fdch fragment\u016f, uchv\u00e1tilo v\u011bdce i historiky. Po sestaven\u00ed odhaluje slo\u017eitou astronomickou kalkula\u010dku se 37 p\u0159evody, kter\u00e9 sleduj\u00ed Slunce, M\u011bs\u00edc a planety.<\/p>\n\n

Pokro\u010dil\u00fd na svou dobu<\/h2>\n\n

Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00fd mechanismus p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed o v\u00edce ne\u017e 1000 let jin\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady podobn\u00e9 technologie. Je star\u00fd p\u0159es 2000 let, ale jeho sofistikovanost nazna\u010duje \u00farove\u0148 v\u011bdeck\u00fdch znalost\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla o stalet\u00ed nap\u0159ed p\u0159ed svou dobou.<\/p>\n\n

Datov\u00e1n\u00ed mechanismu<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bdci pou\u017eili r\u016fzn\u00e9 metody k datov\u00e1n\u00ed Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00e9ho mechanismu. Radiokarbonov\u00e9 datov\u00e1n\u00ed a anal\u00fdza \u0159eck\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f zpo\u010d\u00e1tku ur\u010dily jeho vznik kolem roku 100\u2013150 p\u0159. n. l. Ned\u00e1vn\u00fd objev kalend\u00e1\u0159e p\u0159edpov\u011bdi zatm\u011bn\u00ed na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v\u0161ak posunul datum zp\u011bt do roku 205 p\u0159. n. l.<\/p>\n\n

P\u016fvod a tv\u016frci<\/h2>\n\n

P\u016fvod Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00e9ho mechanismu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1hadou. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed odborn\u00edci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee mohl b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bn legend\u00e1rn\u00edmi \u0159eck\u00fdmi v\u011bdci Archim\u00e9dem, Hipparchem nebo Poseid\u00f3niem. N\u00e1pisy na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee mohl b\u00fdt vyroben na Rhodu, kter\u00fd byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm centrem vzd\u011blanosti a v\u011bdy.<\/p>\n\n

Babyl\u00f3nsk\u00fd vliv<\/h2>\n\n

Kalend\u00e1\u0159 p\u0159edpov\u011bdi zatm\u011bn\u00ed na Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00e9m mechanismu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 babyl\u00f3nskou aritmetiku, nikoli \u0159eckou trigonometrii. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee babyl\u00f3n\u0161t\u00ed astronomov\u00e9 mohli hr\u00e1t roli v jeho v\u00fdvoji.<\/p>\n\n

Funkce a schopnosti<\/h2>\n\n

Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00fd mechanismus je astronomick\u00e1 kalkula\u010dka schopn\u00e1 p\u0159edpov\u00eddat zatm\u011bn\u00ed, sledovat polohy Slunce, M\u011bs\u00edce a planet a vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1vat data atletick\u00fdch sout\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Byl to prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd analogov\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159edchoz\u00ed spekulace a potvrzen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159edchoz\u00ed rekonstrukce Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00e9ho mechanismu nazna\u010dovaly, \u017ee m\u011bl velikost krabice od bot, s \u010d\u00edseln\u00edky zven\u010d\u00ed a slo\u017eit\u00fdmi bronzov\u00fdmi ozuben\u00fdmi koly uvnit\u0159. Ned\u00e1vno odhalen\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee dok\u00e1zal vypo\u010d\u00edtat i polohy Marsu, Jupitera a Saturnu.<\/p>\n\n

Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 pr\u016fzkumy<\/h2>\n\n

V posledn\u00edch letech se expedice vr\u00e1tila na m\u00edsto potopen\u00ed Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00e9ho vraku s pou\u017eit\u00edm oblek\u016f p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch \u201enositeln\u00e9 ponorky\u201c. Nalezli stoln\u00ed n\u00e1dob\u00ed, \u010d\u00e1sti lod\u00ed a bronzov\u00e9 kop\u00ed. Budouc\u00ed ponory mohou vrhnout v\u00edce sv\u011btla na za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a jeho tv\u016frce.<\/p>\n\n

Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00fd mechanismus a d\u011bjiny v\u011bdy<\/h2>\n\n

Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00fd mechanismus poskytuje cenn\u00e9 poznatky o v\u011bdeck\u00fdch znalostech a technologick\u00e9m pokroku starov\u011bk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Je sv\u011bdectv\u00edm d\u016fvtipu a kreativity na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f. Jeho v\u00fdznam p\u0159esahuje jeho astronomick\u00e9 schopnosti, proto\u017ee nab\u00edz\u00ed pohled na v\u00fdvoj lidsk\u00e9 civilizace a snahu o pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00fd mechanismus: starov\u011bk\u00fd astronomick\u00fd z\u00e1zrak Objev a v\u00fdznam V roce 1901 p\u0159inesl vrak lodi u pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Kr\u00e9ty pozoruhodn\u00fd objev: Antikyth\u00e9rsk\u00fd mechanismus. Toto za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, slo\u017een\u00e9 z 82 zkorodovan\u00fdch bronzov\u00fdch fragment\u016f, uchv\u00e1tilo…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[435,7460,1797,2313,7461],"class_list":["post-4014","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-astronomy","tag-babylonian-mathematics","tag-history-of-science","tag-ancient-greece","tag-bronze-age-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4014","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4014"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4014\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4015,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4014\/revisions\/4015"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4014"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4014"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4014"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}