{"id":4022,"date":"2020-01-30T07:33:40","date_gmt":"2020-01-30T07:33:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4022"},"modified":"2020-01-30T07:33:40","modified_gmt":"2020-01-30T07:33:40","slug":"broken-window-theory-debunked","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/criminology\/broken-window-theory-debunked\/","title":{"rendered":"Teorie rozbit\u00e9ho okna: Vyvr\u00e1cen\u00e1?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Teorie rozbit\u00fdch oken: Vyvr\u00e1cen\u00e1?<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co je teorie rozbit\u00fdch oken?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Teorie rozbit\u00fdch oken je kriminologick\u00e1 teorie, kter\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dist\u00e9ho a uklizen\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed ve m\u011bstech odrazuje potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed zlo\u010dince. Tato teorie z\u00edskala na popularit\u011b v 80. a 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ed a m\u011bsto New York ji vyu\u017eilo k n\u00e1vrhu sv\u00e9 policejn\u00ed strategie.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Malcolm Gladwell a teorie rozbit\u00fdch oken<\/h2>\n\n<p>Novin\u00e1\u0159 Malcolm Gladwell pomohl zpopularizovat teorii rozbit\u00fdch oken ve sv\u00e9 knize &#8220;The Tipping Point&#8221; z roku 2000. V knize Gladwell tvrdil, \u017ee tato teorie m\u016f\u017ee vysv\u011btlit dramatick\u00fd pokles kriminality v New Yorku v 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum zpochyb\u0148uje teorii rozbit\u00fdch oken<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ned\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v\u0161ak zpochybnil platnost teorie rozbit\u00fdch oken. Studie publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise &#8220;Justice Quarterly&#8221; profesorem Davidem Greenbergem z New York University zjistila, \u017ee historick\u00fd pokles kriminality v New Yorku v 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ed nelze p\u0159i\u010d\u00edtat syst\u00e9mu CompStat, co\u017e je dynamick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup newyorsk\u00e9ho policejn\u00edho odd\u011blen\u00ed ke kriminalit\u011b, kter\u00fd byl zalo\u017een na teorii rozbit\u00fdch oken.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed studie<\/h2>\n\n<p>Greenbergova studie zjistila, \u017ee:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 souvislost mezi d\u016fsledn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159estupk\u016f a poklesem po\u010dtu obvin\u011bn\u00ed z trestn\u00fdch \u010din\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Po\u010det policist\u016f na obyvatele a m\u00edra uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00fdch zlo\u010dinc\u016fm nesouvis\u00ed se sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm n\u00e1siln\u00e9 kriminality.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159estupky vzrostly ve v\u0161ech m\u011bstsk\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech krom\u011b 11 v obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo zkoum\u00e1no, co\u017e vyvrac\u00ed z\u00e1klad teorie.<\/li>\n<li>Trestn\u00e9 \u010diny se v cel\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b trvale sni\u017eovaly bez ohledu na sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed se po\u010det policist\u016f, m\u00edru uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00ed nebo \u00farove\u0148 vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co zp\u016fsobilo pokles kriminality v New Yorku?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Greenbergova studie neposkytuje odpov\u011b\u010f na ot\u00e1zku, co zp\u016fsobilo pokles kriminality v New Yorku v 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ed. Nazna\u010duje v\u0161ak, \u017ee roli mohly hr\u00e1t faktory, jako je zlep\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se ekonomika m\u011bsta a demografick\u00e9 zm\u011bny.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implikace pro policejn\u00ed strategii<\/h2>\n\n<p>Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Greenbergovy studie maj\u00ed d\u016fsledky pro policejn\u00ed strategii. Nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na vym\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed drobn\u00fdch p\u0159estupk\u016f, jako jsou rozbit\u00e1 okna, nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak sn\u00ed\u017eit z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed trestn\u00e9 \u010diny. M\u00edsto toho se policejn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 budou muset zam\u011b\u0159it na jin\u00e9 faktory, jako je zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed vztah\u016f s komunitou a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din kriminality.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n<p>Teorie rozbit\u00fdch oken byla popul\u00e1rn\u00ed teori\u00ed vysv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edru kriminality v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Ned\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v\u0161ak zpochybnil platnost t\u00e9to teorie. Je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit, kter\u00e9 faktory jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za pokles kriminality ve m\u011bstech.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teorie rozbit\u00fdch oken: Vyvr\u00e1cen\u00e1? Co je teorie rozbit\u00fdch oken? Teorie rozbit\u00fdch oken je kriminologick\u00e1 teorie, kter\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dist\u00e9ho a uklizen\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed ve m\u011bstech odrazuje potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed zlo\u010dince. Tato teorie&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7469],"tags":[7467,7040,7466,7468,1515],"class_list":["post-4022","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-criminology","tag-broken-window-theory","tag-urban-environments","tag-policing","tag-social-science","tag-crime"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4022","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4022"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4022\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4023,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4022\/revisions\/4023"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4022"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4022"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4022"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}