{"id":4056,"date":"2024-05-24T14:31:25","date_gmt":"2024-05-24T14:31:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4056"},"modified":"2024-05-24T14:31:25","modified_gmt":"2024-05-24T14:31:25","slug":"why-we-talk-so-much-nonsense-the-science-of-bullshitting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/psychology\/why-we-talk-so-much-nonsense-the-science-of-bullshitting\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d mluv\u00edme takov\u00e9 nesmysly? V\u011bda o kec\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pro\u010d mluv\u00edme takov\u00e9 nesmysly?<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bda o nesmyslech<\/h2>\n\n

V\u0161ichni se r\u00e1di pova\u017eujeme za racion\u00e1ln\u00ed bytosti, kter\u00e9 si cen\u00ed pravdy a rozumu. Realita je v\u0161ak takov\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161ichni m\u00e1me n\u011bkdy tendenci mluvit nesmysly. Tento jev je zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako “kec\u00e1n\u00ed”.<\/p>\n\n

Kec\u00e1n\u00ed je definov\u00e1no jako “v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed komunikaci s mal\u00fdm a\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm ohledem na d\u016fkazy a\/nebo zaveden\u00e9 s\u00e9mantick\u00e9, logick\u00e9, syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 nebo empirick\u00e9 znalosti”. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, jde o vym\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed si v\u011bc\u00ed, ani\u017e by v\u00e1s zaj\u00edmalo, zda jsou pravdiv\u00e9 \u010di nikoli.<\/p>\n\n

Pro\u010d kec\u00e1me?<\/h2>\n\n

Podle v\u00fdzkumu existuj\u00ed dva hlavn\u00ed faktory, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed ke kec\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  1. Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak:<\/strong> Kdy\u017e c\u00edt\u00edme tlak, abychom m\u011bli n\u00e1zor na dan\u00e9 t\u00e9ma, i kdy\u017e o n\u011bm toho moc nev\u00edme, je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee si n\u011bco vymysl\u00edme.<\/li>\n
  2. Nedostatek odpov\u011bdnosti:<\/strong> Pokud si nemysl\u00edme, \u017ee n\u011bkdo zpochybn\u00ed na\u0161e tvrzen\u00ed, je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee vypust\u00edme nesmysly.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    Dopad kec\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

    Kec\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt negativn\u00ed dopad na n\u00e1\u0161 ve\u0159ejn\u00fd diskurz a na\u0161e osobn\u00ed vztahy. M\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k dezinformac\u00edm, ned\u016fv\u011b\u0159e a dokonce i konflikt\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n

    Jak bojovat proti kec\u016fm?<\/h2>\n\n

    Dobrou zpr\u00e1vou je, \u017ee existuj\u00ed v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017eeme ud\u011blat, abychom bojovali proti kec\u016fm. Jednou z nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch strategi\u00ed je jednodu\u0161e konfrontovat lidi s t\u00edm. Pokud n\u011bkdo p\u0159ijde s tvrzen\u00edm, kter\u00e9 se zd\u00e1 pochybn\u00e9, po\u017e\u00e1dejte ho o d\u016fkaz, kter\u00fd by ho podpo\u0159il. Pokud \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd nedok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159edlo\u017eit, pak v\u00edte, \u017ee pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jen mluv\u00ed nesmysly.<\/p>\n\n

    Dal\u0161\u00ed strategi\u00ed je podpora kritick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed a \u00fasudku zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na d\u016fkazech. To znamen\u00e1 u\u010dit lidi, jak hodnotit informace a \u010dinit informovan\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed. Kdy\u017e jsou lid\u00e9 kriti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi mysliteli, je men\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee je nachyt\u00e1 kec\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

    Individu\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly v n\u00e1chylnosti ke kec\u016fm<\/h2>\n\n

    N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 jsou n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ke kec\u016fm ne\u017e jin\u00ed. V\u00fdzkum uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou m\u00e9n\u011b analyti\u010dt\u00ed, m\u00e9n\u011b inteligentn\u00ed, maj\u00ed siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou v\u00edru a jsou n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k “ontologick\u00e9 zmatenosti” (v\u00ed\u0159e, \u017ee mysl m\u016f\u017ee ovl\u00e1dat fyzick\u00fd sv\u011bt), s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed p\u0159ijmou kecy.<\/p>\n\n

    Role kritick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed v odol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed kec\u016fm<\/h2>\n\n

    Kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed je nezbytn\u00e9 pro odol\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed kec\u016fm. Kdy\u017e kriticky p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00edme, pe\u010dliv\u011b vyhodnocujeme informace a \u010din\u00edme \u00fasudky zalo\u017een\u00e9 na d\u016fkazech a rozumu. Nep\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1me jen v\u011bci tak, jak jsou n\u00e1m p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1ny, a neboj\u00edme se zpochybnit tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se zdaj\u00ed pochybn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n

    D\u016fle\u017eitost \u00fasudku zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na d\u016fkazech v postfaktick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti<\/h2>\n\n

    Ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde jsou dezinformace b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kdykoli p\u0159edt\u00edm um\u011bt kriticky myslet a hodnotit informace na z\u00e1klad\u011b d\u016fkaz\u016f. Podporou kritick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed a \u00fasudku zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na d\u016fkazech m\u016f\u017eeme pomoci vytvo\u0159it informovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a racion\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n

    Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\n\n

    Krom\u011b v\u00fdzkumu toho, pro\u010d lid\u00e9 kecaj\u00ed, prob\u00edhal tak\u00e9 v\u00fdzkum toho, pro\u010d n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 jsou n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed kec\u016f ne\u017e jin\u00ed. Jedna studie zjistila, \u017ee lid\u00e9 se zv\u00fd\u0161enou tendenc\u00ed reagovat jsou n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch my\u0161lenek a pseudofakt\u016f. Jin\u00e1 studie zjistila, \u017ee lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou m\u00e9n\u011b analyti\u010dt\u00ed, m\u00e9n\u011b inteligentn\u00ed, maj\u00ed siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou v\u00edru a jsou n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k “ontologick\u00e9 zmatenosti”, s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed p\u0159ijmou kecy.<\/p>\n\n

    Tento v\u00fdzkum nazna\u010duje, \u017ee existuj\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly v n\u00e1chylnosti ke kec\u016fm. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 jsou prost\u011b n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k tomu, aby je nachytaly nesmysly, ne\u017e jin\u00ed. Kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed a \u00fasudek zalo\u017een\u00fd na d\u016fkazech n\u00e1s v\u0161ak mohou pomoci chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010d\u00edmi kec\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

    Strategie pro boj proti kec\u016fm<\/h2>\n\n

    Zde je n\u011bkolik tip\u016f, jak bojovat proti kec\u016fm:<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • Konfrontujte lidi s jejich kecy.<\/li>\n
    • Podporujte kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed a \u00fasudek zalo\u017een\u00fd na d\u016fkazech.<\/li>\n
    • Uv\u011bdomte si vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1chylnost ke kec\u016fm.<\/li>\n
    • Bu\u010fte skepti\u010dt\u00ed k tvrzen\u00edm, kter\u00e1 se zdaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dobr\u00e1 na to, aby byla pravdiv\u00e1.<\/li>\n
    • Po\u017e\u00e1dejte o d\u016fkazy na podporu tvrzen\u00ed.<\/li>\n
    • Nebojte se zpochybnit tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se zdaj\u00ed pochybn\u00e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

      Dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011bchto tip\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme pomoci vytvo\u0159it informovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a racion\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnost.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Pro\u010d mluv\u00edme takov\u00e9 nesmysly? V\u011bda o nesmyslech V\u0161ichni se r\u00e1di pova\u017eujeme za racion\u00e1ln\u00ed bytosti, kter\u00e9 si cen\u00ed pravdy a rozumu. Realita je v\u0161ak takov\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161ichni m\u00e1me n\u011bkdy tendenci mluvit…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23510,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[100],"tags":[7508,502,7507,7506,1237,97],"class_list":["post-4056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-psychology","tag-evidence-based-reasoning","tag-communication","tag-critical-thinking","tag-bullshit","tag-psychology","tag-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4056","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4056"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4056\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4057,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4056\/revisions\/4057"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23510"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4056"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4056"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4056"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}