{"id":4137,"date":"2023-07-03T03:49:27","date_gmt":"2023-07-03T03:49:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4137"},"modified":"2023-07-03T03:49:27","modified_gmt":"2023-07-03T03:49:27","slug":"hieroglyphs-a-window-into-ancient-egypt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/art\/ancient-art\/hieroglyphs-a-window-into-ancient-egypt\/","title":{"rendered":"Hieroglyfy: Okno do star\u00e9ho Egypta"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hieroglyfy: Okno do star\u00e9ho Egypta<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u016fvod a \u00fa\u010del<\/h2>\n\n<p>Hieroglyfy, starov\u011bk\u00fd egyptsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m p\u00edsma, vznikly p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b jako p\u00edsmo v Mezopot\u00e1mii. Oba syst\u00e9my vznikly ze spole\u010densk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby sledovat p\u0159ebytky a \u0159\u00eddit st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. V Egypt\u011b se prvn\u00ed d\u016fkazy hieroglyf\u016f objevuj\u00ed na \u0161t\u00edtc\u00edch p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00fdch ke d\u017eb\u00e1n\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Charakteristika a v\u00fdznam<\/h2>\n\n<p>Hieroglyfy nejsou jen dekorativn\u00ed symboly; jsou sofistikovan\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem komunikace. Jejich elegantn\u00ed a vizu\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00e1 povaha je patrn\u00e1 na jejich vyobrazen\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at, pt\u00e1k\u016f a lidsk\u00fdch postav. Jejich prim\u00e1rn\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem v\u0161ak bylo p\u0159ed\u00e1vat informace, jak je patrn\u00e9 na propracovan\u00fdch reli\u00e9fech a soch\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy a vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 v\u00edry.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed hieroglyf\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<p>Rosettsk\u00e1 deska sehr\u00e1la kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli p\u0159i rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed hieroglyf\u016f. Tento trojjazy\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1pis, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed \u0159e\u010dtinu, egyptsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy a d\u00e9motick\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, poskytl kl\u00ed\u010d k pochopen\u00ed staroegyptsk\u00e9ho jazyka. V\u011bdci si uv\u011bdomili, \u017ee hieroglyfy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e zvuky ne\u017e jen my\u0161lenky nebo objekty.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">U\u010den\u00ed se hieroglyf\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<p>Osvojen\u00ed hieroglyf\u016f vy\u017eaduje strukturovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup. Na vysok\u00e9 \u0161kole studenti obvykle studuj\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed egypt\u0161tinu, klasickou formu jazyka, a postupn\u011b p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed k r\u016fzn\u00fdm f\u00e1z\u00edm. P\u0159esto\u017ee m\u016f\u017ee z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u016fsobilosti trvat n\u011bkolik let, \u00fasil\u00ed stoj\u00ed za to pro ty, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed z\u00e1jem o odhalen\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Barvy a pigmenty<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u017div\u00e9 barvy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v hieroglyfech byly odvozeny od p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch miner\u00e1l\u016f. Okr poskytoval odst\u00edny oran\u017eov\u00e9 a \u010derven\u00e9, zat\u00edmco malachit produkoval zelenou. Um\u011blci tyto pigmenty m\u00edchali s jin\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly, aby vytvo\u0159ili r\u016fzn\u00e9 odst\u00edny a malovali na r\u016fzn\u00e9 povrchy.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u00edsa\u0159i a sochy p\u00edsa\u0159\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<p>P\u00edsa\u0159i hr\u00e1li v egyptsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli, slou\u017eili jako zru\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsa\u0159i a spr\u00e1vci z\u00e1znam\u016f. Sochy p\u00edsa\u0159\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto zobrazuj\u00ed jedince sed\u00edc\u00ed se svitky papyru, symbolizovaly d\u016fle\u017eitost gramotnosti a ochrany znalost\u00ed. Jedna zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u016fsobiv\u00e1 socha p\u0159edstavuje p\u00edsa\u0159e s pavi\u00e1nem posazen\u00fdm na hlav\u011b, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje patron\u00e1t Thovt, boha p\u00edsma.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 gramotnost<\/h2>\n\n<p>Na rozd\u00edl od v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed je pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 a kr\u00e1lovny ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Egypt\u011b vlastnili gramotnostn\u00ed dovednosti. D\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee kr\u00e1l Tutanchamon m\u011bl poh\u0159beny sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed psac\u00ed materi\u00e1ly a v kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch hrobk\u00e1ch bylo nalezeno p\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 rodina dost\u00e1vala vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed ve \u010dten\u00ed a psan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159ekvapiv\u00e1 fakta<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hieroglyfy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed nejen na pam\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, ale tak\u00e9 na ka\u017edodenn\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011btech, jako je keramika a \u0161perky.<\/li>\n<li>Rosettsk\u00e1 deska odhalila, \u017ee hieroglyfy mohou vyjad\u0159ovat v\u00edce zvuk\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b souhl\u00e1sek a samohl\u00e1sek.<\/li>\n<li>N\u011bkter\u00e9 hieroglyfy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed abstraktn\u00ed pojmy, jako jsou emoce a \u010diny.<\/li>\n<li>Sta\u0159\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali hieroglyfy k psan\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f, historick\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v a dokonce milostn\u00fdch b\u00e1sn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Studium hieroglyf\u016f i nad\u00e1le osv\u011btluje fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed kulturu a historii starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta a poskytuje cenn\u00e9 poznatky o \u017eivot\u011b jeho obyvatel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hieroglyfy: Okno do star\u00e9ho Egypta P\u016fvod a \u00fa\u010del Hieroglyfy, starov\u011bk\u00fd egyptsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m p\u00edsma, vznikly p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b jako p\u00edsmo v Mezopot\u00e1mii. Oba syst\u00e9my vznikly ze spole\u010densk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby sledovat p\u0159ebytky&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4678],"tags":[848,4549,27,2622,541,7622,7623],"class_list":["post-4137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ancient-art","tag-egyptology","tag-hieroglyphs","tag-history","tag-language","tag-ancient-egypt","tag-symbols","tag-writing-systems"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4137","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4137"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4137\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4138,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4137\/revisions\/4138"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4137"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4137"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4137"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}