{"id":4266,"date":"2022-10-14T11:41:57","date_gmt":"2022-10-14T11:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4266"},"modified":"2022-10-14T11:41:57","modified_gmt":"2022-10-14T11:41:57","slug":"prehistoric-surgery-trepanation-humans-cows","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/archaeology-and-anthropology\/prehistoric-surgery-trepanation-humans-cows\/","title":{"rendered":"Trepanace: Cesta histori\u00ed medic\u00edny, od prav\u011bku a\u017e po sou\u010dasnost"},"content":{"rendered":"

Prehistorick\u00e1 chirurgie: Trepanace u lid\u00ed a krav<\/h2>\n\n

Ran\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 chirurgick\u00e9 postupy<\/h2>\n\n

Prehistori\u010dt\u00ed lid\u00e9 se v\u011bnovali pozoruhodn\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 praxi zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako trepanace, kter\u00e1 zahrnovala vytvo\u0159en\u00ed otvoru v lebce. Tento postup byl zdokumentov\u00e1n ji\u017e p\u0159ed 7 000 lety s d\u016fkazy nalezen\u00fdmi na r\u016fzn\u00fdch kontinentech.<\/p>\n\n

Trepanace u krav: Nov\u00fd objev<\/h2>\n\n

Ned\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum odhalil zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee prehistori\u010dt\u00ed lid\u00e9 mohli prov\u00e1d\u011bt trepanaci tak\u00e9 u krav. B\u011bhem vykop\u00e1vek na neolitick\u00e9m nalezi\u0161ti Champ-Durand ve Francii byla objevena t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 kompletn\u00ed kravsk\u00e1 lebka s vyvrtan\u00fdm otvorem.<\/p>\n\n

\u00da\u010del kravsk\u00e9 trepanace: Praxe nebo veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed medic\u00edna?<\/h2>\n\n

\u00da\u010del trepanace u krav z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejist\u00fd. Jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed je, \u017ee to byla forma cvi\u010den\u00ed pro za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed chirurgy. Trepanace nalezen\u00e9 v archeologick\u00e9m z\u00e1znamu \u010dasto vykazuj\u00ed p\u0159ekvapivou p\u0159esnost a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pacienti tento z\u00e1krok p\u0159e\u017eili. Cvi\u010den\u00ed na zv\u00ed\u0159atech mohlo b\u00fdt pro chirurgy zp\u016fsobem, jak zdokonalit sv\u00e9 dovednosti.<\/p>\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je, \u017ee trepanace byla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na jako ran\u00e1 veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed medic\u00edna. V Champ-Durand bylo hov\u011bz\u00edho dobytka hojn\u011b a je nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by se m\u00edstn\u00ed lid\u00e9 obt\u011b\u017eovali s pokusy zachr\u00e1nit nemocnou kr\u00e1vu. Je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee se pokusili l\u00e9\u010dit konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed stav nebo zran\u011bn\u00ed pomoc\u00ed trepanace.<\/p>\n\n

Trepanace u lid\u00ed: L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 nebo ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n

\u00da\u010del trepanace u lid\u00ed je tak\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011btem debaty. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee \u0161lo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fd z\u00e1krok pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd k l\u00e9\u010db\u011b bolesti nebo neurologick\u00fdch stav\u016f, jak je ch\u00e1pali lid\u00e9 z doby kamenn\u00e9. Mnoho z t\u011bchto stav\u016f v\u0161ak v lebce nezanech\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, co\u017e zt\u011b\u017euje ur\u010den\u00ed jejich v\u00fdskytu.<\/p>\n\n

Jin\u00ed tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee trepanace byla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na jako ritu\u00e1l. Archeologov\u00e9 v Rusku nalezli ostatky 12 zdrav\u00fdch dosp\u011bl\u00fdch s vy\u0159ezan\u00fdmi otvory v lebk\u00e1ch v mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti. \u010cty\u0159i zem\u0159eli kr\u00e1tce po operaci, zat\u00edmco ostatn\u00edch osm \u017eilo s otvory v hlav\u00e1ch nejm\u00e9n\u011b \u010dty\u0159i roky. Tyto d\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee tyto trepanace nebyly prov\u00e1d\u011bny za \u00fa\u010delem l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e z nadp\u0159irozen\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, jako je ud\u011blen\u00ed sil nebo spojen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed trepanace<\/h2>\n\n

Trepanace nebyla v prehistorick\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch neobvyklou prax\u00ed, o \u010dem\u017e sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed d\u016fkazy nalezen\u00e9 v Evrop\u011b, Africe, Asii a Americe. Verze tohoto postupu pou\u017e\u00edvali tak\u00e9 sta\u0159\u00ed \u0158ekov\u00e9 a pokra\u010dovalo se v n\u011bm i b\u011bhem evropsk\u00e9 renesance.<\/p>\n\n

Trepanace dnes: Modern\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fd z\u00e1krok<\/h2>\n\n

Dnes z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 trepanace platn\u00fdm l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdm z\u00e1krokem pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm ke zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed tlaku v mozku v nouzov\u00fdch situac\u00edch. Tento z\u00e1krok je d\u016fkazem trval\u00e9ho odkazu prehistorick\u00fdch chirurgick\u00fdch praktik a d\u016fvtipu ran\u00fdch lid\u00ed p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

D\u016fkazy prehistorick\u00e9 chirurgie: Otvory v lebk\u00e1ch<\/h2>\n\n

Objev otvor\u016f v lebk\u00e1ch, lidsk\u00fdch i zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch, poskytuje hmatateln\u00fd d\u016fkaz prehistorick\u00fdch chirurgick\u00fdch praktik. Tyto otvory, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed trepanace, nab\u00edzej\u00ed pohled do l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a technik na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Odhalen\u00ed \u00fa\u010delu trepanace: Slo\u017eit\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka<\/h2>\n\n

Stanoven\u00ed \u00fa\u010delu trepanace je slo\u017eit\u00fd \u00fakol. Zat\u00edmco byly navr\u017eeny l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 a ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, skute\u010dn\u00e9 d\u016fvody se mohou li\u0161it v z\u00e1vislosti na kontextu a kulturn\u00edch p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00edch dan\u00e9 doby.<\/p>\n\n

Role dobytka v prehistorick\u00e9 chirurgii: Praxe nebo l\u00e9\u010den\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n

Objev kravsk\u00e9 lebky s vyvrtan\u00fdm otvorem vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zky ohledn\u011b role dobytka v prehistorick\u00e9 chirurgii. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee kr\u00e1vy byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jako cvi\u010dn\u00e9 subjekty pro chirurgy nebo jako p\u0159\u00edjemci veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de.<\/p>\n\n

Trepanace: Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed fenom\u00e9n s trval\u00fdm dopadem<\/h2>\n\n

Trepanace byla v prehistorick\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou prax\u00ed, co\u017e nazna\u010duje jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch. Jej\u00ed odkaz pokra\u010duje dodnes v podob\u011b modern\u00edch l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch z\u00e1krok\u016f, co\u017e dokazuje trval\u00fd v\u00fdznam ran\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch chirurgick\u00fdch technik.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prehistorick\u00e1 chirurgie: Trepanace u lid\u00ed a krav Ran\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 chirurgick\u00e9 postupy Prehistori\u010dt\u00ed lid\u00e9 se v\u011bnovali pozoruhodn\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 praxi zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako trepanace, kter\u00e1 zahrnovala vytvo\u0159en\u00ed otvoru v lebce. Tento postup byl…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7807],"tags":[88,705,487,7803,7805,7804,7806],"class_list":["post-4266","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology-and-anthropology","tag-archaeology","tag-medical-history","tag-human-evolution","tag-prehistoric-surgery","tag-ancient-medicine","tag-trepanation","tag-animal-surgery"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4266","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4266"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4266\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4267,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4266\/revisions\/4267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4266"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4266"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4266"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}