V roce 1799, b\u011bhem Napoleonovy invaze do Egypta, objevil francouzsk\u00fd voj\u00e1k jm\u00e9nem Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois Bouchard rozbit\u00fd fragment kamene ve m\u011bst\u011b Ra\u0161\u00edd (Rosetta). Tento fragment, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Rosettsk\u00e1 deska, byl pops\u00e1n v\u00fdnosem vydan\u00fdm radou egyptsk\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed v roce 196 p\u0159. n. l.<\/p>\n\n
V\u00fdnos byl naps\u00e1n ve t\u0159ech p\u00edsmech: hieroglyfy, d\u00e9moticky (zjednodu\u0161en\u00e1 forma hieroglyf\u016f) a ve star\u00e9 \u0159e\u010dtin\u011b. V\u011bdci si uv\u011bdomili, \u017ee \u0159eck\u00fd text lze p\u0159elo\u017eit, ale hieroglyfick\u00e9 a d\u00e9motick\u00e9 p\u00edsmo z\u016fst\u00e1valy z\u00e1hadou.<\/p>\n\n
Dva v\u011bdci, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion a Thomas Young, z\u00e1vodili v de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00f3du na Rosettsk\u00e9 desce. Champollion, francouzsk\u00fd filolog, a Young, anglick\u00fd fyzik, m\u011bli hlubok\u00e9 znalosti lingvistiky a technik de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed k\u00f3d\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Young\u016fv pr\u016flom nastal, kdy\u017e si uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 hieroglyfy uzav\u0159en\u00e9 v kartu\u0161\u00edch (ov\u00e1ln\u00fdch r\u00e1me\u010dc\u00edch) p\u0159edstavovaly ciz\u00ed jm\u00e9na, kter\u00e1 mohla b\u00fdt vyslovov\u00e1na podobn\u011b v r\u016fzn\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch. Porovn\u00e1n\u00edm hieroglyfick\u00fdch kartu\u0161\u00ed s \u0159eck\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny na Rosettsk\u00e9 desce se Youngovi poda\u0159ilo identifikovat fonetick\u00e9 hodnoty n\u011bkter\u00fdch hieroglyf\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Champollion roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il Youngovu pr\u00e1ci vyu\u017eit\u00edm sv\u00fdch znalost\u00ed kopt\u0161tiny, potomka staroegyptsk\u00e9ho jazyka. Identifikoval dal\u0161\u00ed fonetick\u00e9 hieroglyfy jejich porovn\u00e1n\u00edm s jejich koptsk\u00fdmi prot\u011bj\u0161ky.<\/p>\n\n
Nakonec, v roce 1822, m\u011bl Champollion sv\u016fj eureka moment p\u0159i studiu kartu\u0161e z chr\u00e1mu v Ab\u00fa Simbelu. Identifikoval hieroglyf pro slunce (ra) a hieroglyf pro zvuk “s”. To ho vedlo k de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed jm\u00e9na faraona Ramesse, co\u017e dokazovalo, \u017ee hieroglyfy mohly p\u0159edstavovat egyptsk\u00e1 slova a zvuky.<\/p>\n\n
De\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed Rosettsk\u00e9 desky p\u0159ineslo revoluci ve studiu staroegyptsk\u00e9 historie a kultury. Hieroglyfy, kdysi z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, se staly p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdmi v\u011bdc\u016fm a odhalily velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed o staroegyptsk\u00e9 civilizaci.<\/p>\n\n
Rosettsk\u00e1 deska poskytla kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 poznatky o v\u00fdvoji syst\u00e9m\u016f p\u00edsma a vztahu mezi jazykem a symboly. Pomohla tak\u00e9 v\u011bdc\u016fm pochopit n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 v\u00edry, politick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a spole\u010densk\u00e9 struktury star\u00e9ho Egypta.<\/p>\n\n
Rosettsk\u00e1 deska z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 kulturn\u00ed ikonou, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavuje s\u00edlu spolupr\u00e1ce a lidsk\u00e9 touhy po pozn\u00e1n\u00ed. Je d\u016fkazem vynal\u00e9zavosti a odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed odemkli tajemstv\u00ed ztracen\u00e9ho jazyka a ztracen\u00e9 civilizace.<\/p>\n\n
Rosettsk\u00e1 deska inspirovala nespo\u010det v\u00fdstav, knih a dokument\u00e1rn\u00edch film\u016f a uchv\u00e1tila publikum po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. St\u00e1le slou\u017e\u00ed jako symbol propojen\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch kultur a d\u016fle\u017eitosti zachov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161eho kolektivn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Rosettsk\u00e1 deska nen\u00ed jedinou dochovanou kopi\u00ed dekretu vydan\u00e9ho v roce 196 p\u0159. n. l. V r\u016fzn\u00fdch chr\u00e1mech po cel\u00e9m Egypt\u011b byly objeveny v\u00edce ne\u017e dv\u011b des\u00edtky fragment\u00e1rn\u00edch n\u00e1pis\u016f. Tyto n\u00e1pisy pomohly v\u011bdc\u016fm potvrdit a up\u0159esnit de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed hieroglyf\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Dv\u011b st\u011b let po Champollionovi pr\u016flomu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 Rosettsk\u00e1 deska zdrojem fascinace a inspirace. Po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b se pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed oslavy a v\u00fdstavy, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ipomenou dvoust\u00e9 v\u00fdro\u010d\u00ed jej\u00edho de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed. V Egypt\u011b se oz\u00fdvaj\u00ed po\u017eadavky, aby Britsk\u00e9 muzeum vr\u00e1tilo k\u00e1men do jeho zem\u011b p\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n\n
Odkaz Rosettsk\u00e9 desky sah\u00e1 daleko za jej\u00ed fyzickou p\u0159\u00edtomnost. Stoj\u00ed jako symbol lidsk\u00e9 vynal\u00e9zavosti, kulturn\u00edho porozum\u011bn\u00ed a trval\u00e9 s\u00edly psan\u00e9ho slova.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Rosettsk\u00e1 deska: Kl\u00ed\u010d k tajemstv\u00edm star\u00e9ho Egypta Objev Rosettsk\u00e9 desky V roce 1799, b\u011bhem Napoleonovy invaze do Egypta, objevil francouzsk\u00fd voj\u00e1k jm\u00e9nem Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois Bouchard rozbit\u00fd fragment kamene ve m\u011bst\u011b Ra\u0161\u00edd…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24562,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[88,7965,4126,848,4549,27,2622,63,7891,541],"class_list":["post-4375","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-archaeology","tag-civilization","tag-decipherment","tag-egyptology","tag-hieroglyphs","tag-history","tag-language","tag-culture","tag-rosetta-stone","tag-ancient-egypt"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4375","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4375"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4375\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24563,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4375\/revisions\/24563"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4375"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4375"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4375"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}