{"id":4421,"date":"2022-07-22T09:38:52","date_gmt":"2022-07-22T09:38:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4421"},"modified":"2022-07-22T09:38:52","modified_gmt":"2022-07-22T09:38:52","slug":"smallpox-epidemic-mandan-indians-tragic-history-and-lessons-learned","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/medical-history\/smallpox-epidemic-mandan-indians-tragic-history-and-lessons-learned\/","title":{"rendered":"Epidemie Ne\u0161tovic Zpusto\u0161ila Indi\u00e1ny Kmene Mandan"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Epidemie ne\u0161tovic zpusto\u0161ila indi\u00e1ny kmene Mandan<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Historie propuknut\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>V roce 1837 p\u0159iplul parn\u00edk St. Peters do pevnosti Fort Clark a p\u0159ivezl s sebou smrt\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1klad: ne\u0161tovice. Virus p\u0159edt\u00edm zpusto\u0161il indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kmeny nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d Velk\u00fdmi pl\u00e1n\u011bmi, ale Mandan\u016fm se jeho hn\u011bvu do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry poda\u0159ilo uniknout. Jejich imunita v\u0161ak sl\u00e1bla a nyn\u00ed byli v\u016f\u010di t\u00e9to nemoci vysoce vn\u00edmav\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nemoci<\/h2>\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e se epidemie ne\u0161tovic roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila mandanskou vesnic\u00ed, zp\u016fsobila d\u011bsiv\u00e9 utrpen\u00ed a smrt. Ob\u011bti trp\u011bly vysokou hore\u010dkou, zimnic\u00ed a nesnesitelnou bolest\u00ed. \u010casto zem\u0159ely je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se v\u016fbec objevily charakteristick\u00e9 ne\u0161tovi\u010dn\u00e9 puch\u00fd\u0159e. Po\u010det mrtv\u00fdch prudce stoupal a cel\u00e9 rodiny byly vyhlazeny b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vakcina\u010dn\u00ed kampa\u0148 Joshuy Pilchera<\/h2>\n\n<p>tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 hroz\u00edc\u00ed katastrof\u011b, Joshua Pilcher, nov\u011b jmenovan\u00fd agent Siouxsk\u00e9 agentury, zakro\u010dil. Uv\u011bdomil si, \u017ee nom\u00e1dsk\u00e9 kmeny Sioux\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed st\u00e1le lovili na pl\u00e1n\u00edch, by mohly b\u00fdt zachr\u00e1n\u011bny p\u0159ed stejn\u00fdm osudem jako Mandanov\u00e9. Pilcher najal Dr. Josepha DePrefontaina, aby nao\u010dkoval Siouxy kravsk\u00fdmi ne\u0161tovicemi, m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formou ne\u0161tovic, kter\u00e1 poskytovala imunitu.<\/p>\n\n<p>P\u0159es nebezpe\u010d\u00ed a odpor ze strany rozzu\u0159en\u00fdch kmen\u016f se Pilcher a DePrefontaine vydali na nebezpe\u010dnou misi, aby nao\u010dkovali co nejv\u00edce Sioux\u016f. Cestovali proti proudu \u0159eky Missouri a o\u010dkovali tis\u00edce Indi\u00e1n\u016f. Nebyli v\u0161ak schopni naj\u00edt n\u011bkolik velk\u00fdch skupin nom\u00e1dsk\u00fdch Lakot\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed z\u016fstali v\u016f\u010di t\u00e9to nemoci zraniteln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dopad na indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kmeny<\/h2>\n\n<p>Epidemie ne\u0161tovic m\u011bla zni\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed dopad na indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kmeny nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d Velk\u00fdmi pl\u00e1n\u011bmi. Mandanov\u00e9, kdysi prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed kmen \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed 1 600 lid\u00ed, byli redukov\u00e1ni na pouh\u00fdch 31 p\u0159e\u017eiv\u0161\u00edch. Dal\u0161\u00ed kmeny, jako byli Hidatsa a Arikarov\u00e9, rovn\u011b\u017e utrp\u011bly t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Epidemie oslabila ekonomiku kmen\u016f, zni\u010dila jejich soci\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9my a zdecimovala jejich populace.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Etick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky<\/h2>\n\n<p>Epidemie ne\u0161tovic mezi indi\u00e1ny kmene Mandan vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 etick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se role o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch intervenc\u00ed v p\u016fvodn\u00edch komunit\u00e1ch. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed domorod\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee o\u010dkovac\u00ed kampa\u0148, a\u010dkoli byla dob\u0159e m\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1, mohla p\u0159isp\u011bt ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b jejich tradi\u010dn\u00ed kultury a zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u011bdictv\u00ed epidemie<\/h2>\n\n<p>Epidemie ne\u0161tovic z roku 1837 slou\u017e\u00ed jako tragick\u00e1 p\u0159ipom\u00ednka ni\u010div\u00e9ho dopadu infek\u010dn\u00edch nemoc\u00ed na zraniteln\u00e9 populace. Tak\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148uje d\u016fle\u017eitost o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed a opat\u0159en\u00ed v oblasti ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed p\u0159i prevenci budouc\u00edch ohnisek. Dnes virus ne\u0161tovic st\u00e1le existuje ve v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, co\u017e vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 obavy z potenci\u00e1ln\u00edho bioterorismu.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kulturn\u00ed obrozen\u00ed a ochrana<\/h2>\n\n<p>P\u0159es ztr\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 Mandanov\u00e9 utrp\u011bli, jejich potomci nad\u00e1le chr\u00e1n\u00ed a obnovuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed. Pedagogov\u00e9 a tlumo\u010dn\u00edci jako Amy Mossettov\u00e1 pracuj\u00ed na zachov\u00e1n\u00ed mandansk\u00e9ho jazyka a sd\u00edlen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu o odolnosti jejich p\u0159edk\u016f. Posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 m\u00edsta, jako je b\u00fdval\u00e1 mandansk\u00e1 vesnice u pevnosti Fort Clark, maj\u00ed pro kmen hlubok\u00fd v\u00fdznam a slou\u017e\u00ed jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednka jejich historie a tradic.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ponau\u010den\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>Epidemie ne\u0161tovic mezi indi\u00e1ny kmene Mandan nab\u00edz\u00ed cenn\u00e9 lekce pro sou\u010dasnost. Ukazuje d\u016fle\u017eitost:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Investic do ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed a o\u010dkovac\u00edch program\u016f k prevenci vypuknut\u00ed nemoc\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Respektov\u00e1n\u00ed kulturn\u00ed autonomie a hodnot domorod\u00fdch komunit<\/li>\n<li>Zachov\u00e1n\u00ed a uct\u011bn\u00ed pam\u00e1tky t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed trp\u011bli historick\u00fdmi nespravedlnostmi<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Epidemie ne\u0161tovic zpusto\u0161ila indi\u00e1ny kmene Mandan Historie propuknut\u00ed V roce 1837 p\u0159iplul parn\u00edk St. Peters do pevnosti Fort Clark a p\u0159ivezl s sebou smrt\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1klad: ne\u0161tovice. Virus p\u0159edt\u00edm zpusto\u0161il indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7010],"tags":[3027,251,1460,1461,178],"class_list":["post-4421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medical-history","tag-epidemiology","tag-native-american-history","tag-smallpox","tag-vaccination","tag-public-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4421"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4422,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4421\/revisions\/4422"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}