{"id":4666,"date":"2024-11-12T04:47:45","date_gmt":"2024-11-12T04:47:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4666"},"modified":"2024-11-12T04:47:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T04:47:45","slug":"presidential-pardons-a-history-of-executive-clemency","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/life\/politics-and-law\/presidential-pardons-a-history-of-executive-clemency\/","title":{"rendered":"Prezidentsk\u00e9 milosti: Historie v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 milosti"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prezidentsk\u00e9 milosti: Historie v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 milosti<\/h2>\n\n<p>Prezidenti Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f maj\u00ed v\u00fdlu\u010dnou pravomoc ud\u011blovat milosti za feder\u00e1ln\u00ed zlo\u010diny. Tato pravomoc byla v pr\u016fb\u011bhu historie vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na k vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00edch rejst\u0159\u00edk\u016f Ameri\u010dan\u016f ze v\u0161ech spole\u010densk\u00fdch vrstev, v\u010detn\u011b slavn\u00fdch osobnost\u00ed, jako jsou Richard Nixon a Patty Hearstov\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ran\u00e9 milosti a kontroverze<\/h2>\n\n<p>Jednou z prvn\u00edch kontroverzn\u00edch milost\u00ed ud\u011blil prezident Andrew Jackson Georgeovi Wilsonovi, kter\u00fd byl odsouzen za loupe\u017e po\u0161ty a odsouzen k smrti. Wilson milost odm\u00edtl, co\u017e vedlo k rozhodnut\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu, \u017ee milost nelze ob\u010danovi vnutit bez jeho souhlasu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed pozoruhodn\u00e1 milost se t\u00fdkala Daniela Draytona a Edwarda Sayrese, kte\u0159\u00ed byli odsouzeni za pomoc p\u0159i \u00fat\u011bku zotro\u010den\u00fdch osob na lodi \u201ePearl\u201c. Prezident Millard Fillmore je omilostnil pot\u00e9, co si odpykali \u010dty\u0159i roky sv\u00fdch trest\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Milosti v obdob\u00ed ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/h2>\n\n<p>B\u011bhem ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky ud\u011blil prezident James Buchanan milost Brighamu Youngovi a dal\u0161\u00edm mormonsk\u00fdm v\u016fdc\u016fm za jejich roli v \u201emormonsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce\u201c v Utahu. Prezident Andrew Johnson pozd\u011bji ud\u011blil hromadnou milost Jeffersonu Davisovi a dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159edstavitel\u016fm Konfederace. Davis v\u0161ak odm\u00edtl \u010dinit pok\u00e1n\u00ed a a\u017e do roku 1978 mu ud\u011blil prezident Jimmy Carter posmrtnou milost.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Milosti ve 20. stolet\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>Prezident Gerald Ford ud\u011blil milost Iv\u011b Toguri D&#8217;Aquino, kter\u00e1 byla odsouzena za zradu za svou roli \u201etokijsk\u00e9 Rose\u201c b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. To byl jedin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy osoba odsouzen\u00e1 za zradu dostala plnou milost.<\/p>\n\n<p>Prezident Ronald Reagan ud\u011blil milost Georgovi Steinbrennerovi, majiteli New York Yankees, za jeho \u00fa\u010dast na nez\u00e1konn\u00e9m financov\u00e1n\u00ed kampan\u011b b\u011bhem Nixonovy znovuzvolen\u00ed. Tato milost vyvolala \u0161irokou kritiku.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 milosti<\/h2>\n\n<p>V roce 2001 ud\u011blil prezident George W. Bush milost Isaacu Toussiemu za po\u0161tovn\u00ed podvod a pou\u017eit\u00ed fale\u0161n\u00fdch dokument\u016f. Tato milost v\u0161ak byla o den pozd\u011bji zru\u0161ena, kdy\u017e bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee Toussieho otec daroval pen\u00edze republik\u00e1n\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n<p>Prezident Bill Clinton omilostnil Patty Hearstovou v jeho posledn\u00ed den v \u00fa\u0159adu. Hearstov\u00e1 byla odsouzena za bankovn\u00ed loupe\u017e pot\u00e9, co byla unesena Symbionese Liberation Army.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Masakr v My Lai a prezidentsk\u00fd z\u00e1sah<\/h2>\n\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z pozoruhodn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy nebyla ud\u011blena milost, byl masakr v My Lai b\u011bhem vietnamsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Poru\u010d\u00edk William Calley byl odsouzen za vra\u017edu civilist\u016f, ale prezident Nixon ho neomilostnil. M\u00edsto toho zas\u00e1hl, aby Calleymu umo\u017enil vykonat trest v dom\u00e1c\u00edm v\u011bzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Historick\u00fd v\u00fdznam<\/h2>\n\n<p>Prezidentsk\u00e9 milosti sehr\u00e1ly v\u00fdznamnou roli v utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed americk\u00fdch d\u011bjin. Byly pou\u017eity k:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1znam\u016f t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed ud\u011blali chyby<\/li>\n<li>Podpo\u0159e jednoty a usm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed po obdob\u00edch konfliktu<\/li>\n<li>\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed vn\u00edman\u00fdch nespravedlnost\u00ed v syst\u00e9mu trestn\u00edho soudnictv\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Pravomoc prezidentsk\u00fdch milost\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 kontroverzn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou, ale je to z\u00e1kladn\u00ed aspekt v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 funkce, kter\u00fd byl uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n v cel\u00e9 historii n\u00e1roda.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prezidentsk\u00e9 milosti: Historie v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 milosti Prezidenti Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f maj\u00ed v\u00fdlu\u010dnou pravomoc ud\u011blovat milosti za feder\u00e1ln\u00ed zlo\u010diny. Tato pravomoc byla v pr\u016fb\u011bhu historie vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na k vymaz\u00e1n\u00ed trestn\u00edch rejst\u0159\u00edk\u016f Ameri\u010dan\u016f ze v\u0161ech&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24860,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8433],"tags":[19,8431,8432,8430],"class_list":["post-4666","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics-and-law","tag-american-history","tag-executive-clemency","tag-justice-reform","tag-presidential-pardons"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4666","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4666"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4666\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24861,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4666\/revisions\/24861"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24860"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4666"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4666"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4666"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}