{"id":4756,"date":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","date_gmt":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4756"},"modified":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","modified_gmt":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","slug":"remembering-bernice-sandler-godmother-of-title-ix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/life\/education\/remembering-bernice-sandler-godmother-of-title-ix\/","title":{"rendered":"Bernice Sandlerov\u00e1: Kmotra hlavy IX, kter\u00e1 zm\u011bnila vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017een"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vzpom\u00ednka na Bernice Sandlerovou, “kmotra” hlavy IX.<\/h2>\n\n

Ran\u00fd \u017eivot a kari\u00e9ra<\/h2>\n\n

Bernice Sandlerov\u00e1, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 pod p\u0159ezd\u00edvkou “Bunny”, byla pr\u016fkopnickou akademi\u010dkou, kter\u00e1 zasv\u011btila sv\u016fj \u017eivot boji proti diskriminaci \u017een ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Kdy\u017e v 60. letech studovala doktor\u00e1t a na \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00fd \u00favazek pracovala na University of Maryland, \u010delila kv\u016fli sv\u00e9mu pohlav\u00ed mnoha p\u0159\u00edpad\u016fm zaujatosti.<\/p>\n\n

Probuzen\u00ed k diskriminaci<\/h2>\n\n

Jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch moment\u016f bylo, kdy\u017e byla Sandlerov\u00e1 p\u0159esko\u010dena p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011brov\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed navzdory sv\u00fdm kvalifikac\u00edm. Kolega j\u00ed vysv\u011btlil, \u017ee byla “na \u017eenu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00e1”. Tato skute\u010dnost v n\u00ed vyvolala hlubok\u00fd pocit nespravedlnosti.<\/p>\n\n

Cesta k hlav\u011b IX.<\/h2>\n\n

Sandlerov\u00e1 se pono\u0159ila do v\u00fdzkumu a objevila V\u00fdkonn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkaz 11246, kter\u00fd zakazoval diskriminaci ze strany feder\u00e1ln\u00edch dodavatel\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b rasy, barvy pleti, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a n\u00e1rodn\u00edho p\u016fvodu. Uv\u011bdomila si, \u017ee tento p\u0159\u00edkaz byl novelizov\u00e1n tak, aby zahrnoval tak\u00e9 pohlav\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Mobilizace ke zm\u011bn\u011b<\/h2>\n\n

S t\u011bmito znalostmi se Sandlerov\u00e1 obr\u00e1tila na ministerstvo pr\u00e1ce a Ligu pro rovnost \u017een. Spole\u010dn\u011b zorganizovali hromadnou \u017ealobu proti vysok\u00fdm \u0161kol\u00e1m a univerzit\u00e1m po cel\u00e9 zemi kv\u016fli diskriminaci v zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Kongresov\u00e1 sly\u0161en\u00ed a hlava IX.<\/h2>\n\n

Probl\u00e9m se nakonec dostal do Kongresu a Sandlerov\u00e1 byla najata jako pracovnice poslankyn\u011b Edith Greenov\u00e9, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edsedala podv\u00fdboru pro vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. V roce 1970 vedla sly\u0161en\u00ed o vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017een k vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed hlavy IX, kter\u00e1 byla za\u010dlen\u011bna do dodatku k z\u00e1konu o vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed z roku 1972.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159elomov\u00e1 legislativa<\/h2>\n\n

Hlava IX prohl\u00e1sila, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 osoba ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt vylou\u010dena nebo diskriminov\u00e1na v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm programu nebo \u010dinnosti, kter\u00e1 dost\u00e1v\u00e1 feder\u00e1ln\u00ed financov\u00e1n\u00ed, na z\u00e1klad\u011b jej\u00edho pohlav\u00ed. Tento z\u00e1kon transformoval vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a otev\u0159el \u017een\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti ve v\u0161ech aspektech akademick\u00e9ho \u017eivota, od zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed po mimo\u0161koln\u00ed aktivity a sport.<\/p>\n\n

Dopad na vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a sport<\/h2>\n\n

Hlava IX m\u011bla z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na \u00fa\u010dast \u017een ve sportu. P\u0159ed p\u0159ijet\u00edm tohoto z\u00e1kona se pouze jedna z 26 d\u00edvek \u00fa\u010dastnila st\u0159edo\u0161kolsk\u00fdch sport\u016f. Dnes se do atletiky zapojuje ka\u017ed\u00e9 druh\u00e9 ze t\u0159\u00ed d\u011bv\u010dat.<\/p>\n\n

Nad r\u00e1mec zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Rozhodnut\u00ed Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu v 90. letech roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila p\u016fsobnost hlavy IX a zahrnula do n\u00ed ochranu p\u0159ed sexu\u00e1ln\u00edm obt\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm a sexu\u00e1ln\u00edmi \u00fatoky na \u0161koln\u00edch are\u00e1lech.<\/p>\n\n

Cel\u00fd \u017eivot obhajoby<\/h2>\n\n

Sandlerov\u00e1 si uv\u011bdomovala, \u017ee prosazen\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 rovnosti \u017een bude neust\u00e1l\u00fdm bojem. Po p\u0159ijet\u00ed hlavy IX zalo\u017eila Projekt pro postaven\u00ed a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017een a V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed institut pro \u017eeny, aby pokra\u010dovala v obhajob\u011b pr\u00e1v \u017een.<\/p>\n\n

D\u011bdictv\u00ed a uzn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Neochv\u011bjn\u00e1 oddanost Bernice Sandlerov\u00e9 v boji proti diskriminaci \u017een zanechala nesmazatelnou stopu v americk\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Byla uvedena do N\u00e1rodn\u00ed s\u00edn\u011b sl\u00e1vy \u017een a jej\u00ed odkaz i nad\u00e1le inspiruje ty, kte\u0159\u00ed usiluj\u00ed o rovnost \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Sandle\u0159ina vize pro budoucnost<\/h2>\n\n

V roce 2007 Sandlerov\u00e1 uva\u017eovala o hnut\u00ed Title IX a nazvala ho “spole\u010denskou revoluc\u00ed s dopadem tak velk\u00fdm jako pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 revoluce”. Uzn\u00e1vala, \u017ee pokrok byl dosa\u017een, ale zd\u016fraznila, \u017ee cesta k \u00fapln\u00e9 rovnosti \u017een a mu\u017e\u016f zdaleka neskon\u010dila.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vzpom\u00ednka na Bernice Sandlerovou, “kmotra” hlavy IX. Ran\u00fd \u017eivot a kari\u00e9ra Bernice Sandlerov\u00e1, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 pod p\u0159ezd\u00edvkou “Bunny”, byla pr\u016fkopnickou akademi\u010dkou, kter\u00e1 zasv\u011btila sv\u016fj \u017eivot boji proti diskriminaci \u017een ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1513],"tags":[8565,8566,2468,8567,2715,170],"class_list":["post-4756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-bernice-sandler","tag-title-ix","tag-womens-rights","tag-gender-equity","tag-sports","tag-education"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4756","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4756"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4757,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4756\/revisions\/4757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}