{"id":4785,"date":"2023-01-14T19:23:54","date_gmt":"2023-01-14T19:23:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4785"},"modified":"2023-01-14T19:23:54","modified_gmt":"2023-01-14T19:23:54","slug":"history-of-the-parachute","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/aviation-and-aerospace\/history-of-the-parachute\/","title":{"rendered":"Historie pad\u00e1ku: Od snu k realit\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

Historie pad\u00e1ku: Od snu k realit\u011b<\/h2>\n\n

Zrozen\u00ed \u017eivot zachra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho vyn\u00e1lezu<\/h2>\n\n

Ne\u017e letadla dobyla oblohu, my\u0161lenka pad\u00e1ku se vzn\u00e1\u0161ela ve vzduchu po stalet\u00ed. S\u00e1m Leonardo da Vinci na\u010drtl n\u00e1vrh l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho stroje, kter\u00fd zahrnoval za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podobn\u00e9 pad\u00e1ku. Praktick\u00fd pad\u00e1k v\u0161ak nebyl vyvinut a\u017e do po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Vstupuje Gleb Kotelnikov, rusk\u00fd herec, kter\u00fd byl sv\u011bdkem tragick\u00e9 smrti pilota b\u011bhem leteck\u00e9 show. Poh\u00e1n\u011bn touhou zabr\u00e1nit takov\u00fdm nehod\u00e1m, Kotelnikov zasv\u011btil sv\u016fj \u017eivot vytvo\u0159en\u00ed spolehliv\u00e9ho pad\u00e1ku.<\/p>\n\n

Kotelnikovova revolu\u010dn\u00ed konstrukce<\/h2>\n\n

Kotelnikov si uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pad\u00e1k mus\u00ed b\u00fdt neust\u00e1le p\u0159ipevn\u011bn k pilotovi a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nouze se mus\u00ed automaticky otev\u0159\u00edt. Experimentoval s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi prototypy, v\u010detn\u011b pad\u00e1kov\u00e9 p\u0159ilby a pad\u00e1kov\u00e9ho p\u00e1su, ne\u017e se usadil u konstrukce ve stylu batohu.<\/p>\n\n

V roce 1911 Kotelnikov p\u0159edstavil sv\u016fj pad\u00e1k RK-1, kter\u00fd m\u011bl pevn\u00fd batoh, ve kter\u00e9m byla slo\u017een\u00e1 st\u0159\u00ed\u0161ka. Pad\u00e1k byl k pilotovi p\u0159ipevn\u011bn pomoc\u00ed postroje a mohl b\u00fdt otev\u0159en bu\u010f automaticky pomoc\u00ed statick\u00e9 \u0161\u0148\u016fry, nebo ru\u010dn\u011b zata\u017een\u00edm za \u0161\u0148\u016fru.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdzvy a triumfy<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159es sv\u016fj \u017eivot zachra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed potenci\u00e1l \u010delil RK-1 odporu ze strany rusk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, kter\u00e1 se ob\u00e1vala, \u017ee piloti opust\u00ed sv\u00e1 letadla p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 snadno. Neodrazen\u00fd Kotelnikov uv\u00e1d\u011bl sv\u016fj vyn\u00e1lez na trh v Evrop\u011b, kde z\u00edskal \u0161irok\u00e9 uzn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Vypuknut\u00ed prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v\u0161ak Kotelnikovovu pr\u00e1ci p\u0159eru\u0161ilo. Jak letectv\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1valo na v\u00fdznamu, Arm\u00e1da Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f sestavila t\u00fdm, kter\u00fd m\u011bl vyvinout \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed konstrukci pad\u00e1ku.<\/p>\n\n

Americk\u00e9 inovace<\/h2>\n\n

T\u00fdm veden\u00fd zku\u0161ebn\u00edm pilotem Jamesem Floydem Smithem a filmov\u00fdm kaskad\u00e9rem Leslie Irvinem v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl k technologii pad\u00e1k\u016f. Smith si nechal patentovat \u201emodern\u00ed voln\u00fd typ\u201c pad\u00e1ku s ru\u010dn\u011b ovl\u00e1dan\u00fdm ripcordem, zat\u00edmco Irvin vyvinul pad\u00e1k s m\u011bkk\u00fdm obalem, kter\u00fd se snadn\u011bji nosil a nasazoval.<\/p>\n\n

V roce 1919 se Irvin stal prvn\u00edm Ameri\u010danem, kter\u00fd \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vysko\u010dil z letadla a otev\u0159el ru\u010dn\u011b ovl\u00e1dan\u00fd pad\u00e1k. Tento \u00fasp\u011bch otev\u0159el cestu k roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9mu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed pad\u00e1k\u016f v letectv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj<\/h2>\n\n

Po prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce arm\u00e1da d\u00e1le zdokonalovala konstrukci pad\u00e1k\u016f, co\u017e vedlo k v\u00fdvoji leteck\u00e9ho pad\u00e1ku typu A. Tento pad\u00e1k, vytvo\u0159en\u00fd podle Smithova Life Packu, m\u011bl hedv\u00e1bnou st\u0159\u00ed\u0161ku, m\u011bkk\u00fd batoh a ripcord.<\/p>\n\n

Irvinova spole\u010dnost Irvin Airchute dominovala na trhu s pad\u00e1ky a sehr\u00e1la kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli ve v\u00fdvoji civiln\u00edho a rekrea\u010dn\u00edho para\u0161utismu. Inovace, jako je pilotn\u00ed pad\u00e1k a vyst\u0159elovac\u00ed sedadlo, d\u00e1le zv\u00fd\u0161ily bezpe\u010dnost a spolehlivost pad\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Odkaz inovac\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Dnes jsou pad\u00e1ky nezbytn\u00fdm bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm v letectv\u00ed a para\u0161utismu. V\u00fdvoj pad\u00e1ku od snu k \u017eivot zachra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed realit\u011b sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o genialit\u011b a vytrvalosti vyn\u00e1lezc\u016f, jako jsou Gleb Kotelnikov, James Floyd Smith a Leslie Irvin.<\/p>\n\n

Pad\u00e1ky pro\u0161ly v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let nes\u010detn\u00fdmi vylep\u0161en\u00edmi, ale z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy stanoven\u00e9 t\u011bmito prvn\u00edmi pr\u016fkopn\u00edky z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1kladem modern\u00edho designu pad\u00e1k\u016f. Od prvn\u00edho pad\u00e1ku na batoh a\u017e po nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 st\u0159\u00ed\u0161ky z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pad\u00e1k symbolem lidsk\u00e9 d\u016fmyslnosti a snahy o bezpe\u010dnost na obloze.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Historie pad\u00e1ku: Od snu k realit\u011b Zrozen\u00ed \u017eivot zachra\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho vyn\u00e1lezu Ne\u017e letadla dobyla oblohu, my\u0161lenka pad\u00e1ku se vzn\u00e1\u0161ela ve vzduchu po stalet\u00ed. S\u00e1m Leonardo da Vinci na\u010drtl n\u00e1vrh l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho stroje,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[597],"tags":[41,2888,8611,8612],"class_list":["post-4785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aviation-and-aerospace","tag-aviation-history","tag-human-ingenuity","tag-parachute","tag-life-saving-invention"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4785","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4785"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4785\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4786,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4785\/revisions\/4786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4785"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4785"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4785"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}