{"id":4815,"date":"2023-06-14T01:41:42","date_gmt":"2023-06-14T01:41:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4815"},"modified":"2023-06-14T01:41:42","modified_gmt":"2023-06-14T01:41:42","slug":"vampire-bats-genetic-adaptations-blood-diet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/zoology\/vampire-bats-genetic-adaptations-blood-diet\/","title":{"rendered":"Up\u00ed\u0159\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i: Prosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed na krvi s unik\u00e1tn\u00edmi genetick\u00fdmi adaptacemi"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i: Prosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed na krvi s unik\u00e1tn\u00edmi genetick\u00fdmi adaptacemi<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Geny a krevn\u00ed dieta<\/h3>\n\n<p>Vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i jsou jedin\u00ed savci, kte\u0159\u00ed mohou p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt v\u00fdhradn\u011b na krevn\u00ed diet\u011b, co\u017e je \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd v\u00fdkon, kter\u00fd je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n jejich jedine\u010dn\u00e9mu genetick\u00e9mu k\u00f3du. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci identifikovali 13 gen\u016f, kter\u00e9 u vamp\u00edrsk\u00fdch netop\u00fdr\u016f chyb\u00ed nebo jsou neaktivn\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi druhy netop\u00fdr\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chu\u0165 a tr\u00e1ven\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n<p>T\u0159i z chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch gen\u016f jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za chu\u0165ov\u00e9 receptory, co\u017e vamp\u00edrsk\u00fdm netop\u00fdr\u016fm umo\u017e\u0148uje rozli\u0161ovat mezi sladk\u00fdmi a ho\u0159k\u00fdmi potravinami. Tato adaptace mohla b\u00fdt ztracena, proto\u017ee krev tyto chut\u011b postr\u00e1d\u00e1. Dal\u0161\u00ed ztracen\u00fd gen souvis\u00ed s tvarem a funkc\u00ed \u017ealudku vamp\u00edrsk\u00e9ho netop\u00fdra. Jeho k\u00f3nick\u00e1 trubicovit\u00e1 \u017ealudek funguje jako vodn\u00ed bal\u00f3nek a vypuzuje p\u0159ebyte\u010dnou vodu z konzumovan\u00e9 krve. Tato adaptace umo\u017e\u0148uje netop\u00fdr\u016fm tr\u00e1vit pouze pevn\u00e9 \u017eiviny filtrovan\u00e9 z krve.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regulace cukru v krvi a \u017eeleza<\/h3>\n\n<p>Dva geny, kter\u00e9 vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i ztratili, jsou zapojeny do regulace cukru v krvi. Proto\u017ee krevn\u00ed dieta obsahuje m\u00e1lo sacharid\u016f, tyto geny ji\u017e nejsou nezbytn\u00e9. Krom\u011b toho vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i ztratili gen nazvan\u00fd REP15, kter\u00fd pom\u00e1h\u00e1 regulovat hladiny \u017eeleza v krevn\u00edm \u0159e\u010di\u0161ti. Bez tohoto genu lze \u017eelezo vylu\u010dovat efektivn\u011bji, co\u017e chr\u00e1n\u00ed netop\u00fdry p\u0159ed vysok\u00fdmi hladinami \u017eeleza v jejich strav\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kognitivn\u00ed pos\u00edlen\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed inteligence<\/h3>\n\n<p>Ztr\u00e1ta genu CYP39A1 u vamp\u00edrsk\u00fdch netop\u00fdr\u016f mohla zv\u00fd\u0161it jejich kognitivn\u00ed schopnosti. Tento gen je spojen s 24S-hydroxycholesterolem, chemik\u00e1li\u00ed, o kter\u00e9 bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee zlep\u0161uje u\u010den\u00ed a pam\u011b\u0165. Toto kognitivn\u00ed pos\u00edlen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee vysv\u011btlovat, pro\u010d jsou vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i inteligentn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a spole\u010densky aktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 sd\u00edlen\u00ed potravy<\/h3>\n\n<p>Vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i jsou vysoce spole\u010densk\u00e1 stvo\u0159en\u00ed a toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed je nezbytn\u00e9 pro jejich p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed na diet\u011b chud\u00e9 na \u017eiviny. Budou zvracet krev do \u00fast hladov\u00fdch spolubydl\u00edc\u00edch a netop\u00fd\u0159i si pamatuj\u00ed ty, kte\u0159\u00ed jim v minulosti pomohli. Toto vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 sd\u00edlen\u00ed potravy pom\u00e1h\u00e1 netop\u00fdr\u016fm vyrovnat se s v\u00fdzvami jejich jedine\u010dn\u00e9 stravy a zranitelnost\u00ed v\u016f\u010di hladov\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdznam v\u00fdzkumu<\/h3>\n\n<p>Studium genetiky vamp\u00edrsk\u00fdch netop\u00fdr\u016f poskytuje cenn\u00e9 poznatky o tom, jak se zv\u00ed\u0159ata mohou p\u0159izp\u016fsobit extr\u00e9mn\u00edm diet\u00e1m. Pochopen\u00ed genetick\u00fdch adaptac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed vamp\u00edrsk\u00fdm netop\u00fdr\u016fm prosperovat na krvi, by mohlo m\u00edt d\u016fsledky pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed a v\u00fd\u017eivu. Krom\u011b toho je spole\u010densk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed vamp\u00edrsk\u00fdch netop\u00fdr\u016f fascinuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jak zv\u00ed\u0159ata spolupracuj\u00ed, aby p\u0159e\u017eila v n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova s dlouh\u00fdm ocasem:<\/h3>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Jak vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i lokalizuj\u00ed svou ko\u0159ist?<\/li>\n<li>Jak\u00e1 jsou rizika spojen\u00e1 s krevn\u00ed dietou vamp\u00edrsk\u00e9ho netop\u00fdra?<\/li>\n<li>Jak se vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i vyh\u00fdbaj\u00ed odhalen\u00ed svou ko\u0159ist\u00ed?<\/li>\n<li>Jak\u00e1 je evolu\u010dn\u00ed historie krevn\u00edho krmen\u00ed vamp\u00edrsk\u00e9ho netop\u00fdra?<\/li>\n<li>Existuj\u00ed jin\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159izp\u016fsobila podobn\u00e9 strav\u011b?<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i: Prosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed na krvi s unik\u00e1tn\u00edmi genetick\u00fdmi adaptacemi Geny a krevn\u00ed dieta Vamp\u00edr\u0161t\u00ed netop\u00fd\u0159i jsou jedin\u00ed savci, kte\u0159\u00ed mohou p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt v\u00fdhradn\u011b na krevn\u00ed diet\u011b, co\u017e je \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd v\u00fdkon, kter\u00fd&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[280],"tags":[8233,81,8656,8655,8654],"class_list":["post-4815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zoology","tag-evolutionary-biology","tag-animal-physiology","tag-genetic-adaptations","tag-blood-diet","tag-vampire-bats"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4815","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4815"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4815\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4816,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4815\/revisions\/4816"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4815"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4815"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4815"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}