{"id":644,"date":"2024-06-27T23:01:18","date_gmt":"2024-06-27T23:01:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=644"},"modified":"2024-06-27T23:01:18","modified_gmt":"2024-06-27T23:01:18","slug":"olfaction-the-science-of-smell","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/neuroscience\/olfaction-the-science-of-smell\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010cich: z\u00e1hadn\u00fd smysl, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje vn\u00edmat sv\u011bt"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010cich: Z\u00e1hadn\u00fd smysl \u010dichu<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co je \u010dich?<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u010cich je n\u00e1\u0161 smysl \u010dichu. Umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m detekovat a identifikovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 pachy. V nose m\u00e1me asi 400 r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f \u010dichov\u00fdch receptor\u016f. Tyto receptory vys\u00edlaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly do na\u0161eho mozku, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 interpretovat pachy, se kter\u00fdmi se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdznam \u010dichu<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u010cich je pro \u010dlov\u011bka d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd smysl. Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 n\u00e1m:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identifikovat potraviny a vyhnout se zka\u017een\u00fdm nebo nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m<\/li>\n<li>Orientovat se v na\u0161em prost\u0159ed\u00ed a naj\u00edt cestu<\/li>\n<li>Komunikovat s ostatn\u00edmi (nap\u0159. prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm feromon\u016f)<\/li>\n<li>Za\u017e\u00edvat pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed a emoce (nap\u0159. prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u016fn\u00ed a parf\u00e9m\u016f)<\/li>\n<li>Vyvolat vzpom\u00ednky a asociace<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak \u010dich\u00e1me<\/h2>\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e n\u011bco uc\u00edt\u00edme, molekuly pachu putuj\u00ed vzduchem a vstupuj\u00ed do na\u0161eho nosu. Tyto molekuly se v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na receptory v na\u0161em \u010dichov\u00e9m epitelu, co\u017e je tenk\u00e1 vrstva tk\u00e1n\u011b v zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti na\u0161\u00ed nosn\u00ed dutiny. Receptory pak vys\u00edlaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly do \u010dichov\u00e9 cibule, co\u017e je mal\u00e1 struktura um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 za na\u0161\u00edm nosem. \u010cichov\u00e1 cibule pot\u00e9 tyto sign\u00e1ly ode\u0161le do mozku, kde jsou interpretov\u00e1ny jako pachy.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Individu\u00e1ln\u00ed rozd\u00edly v \u010dichu<\/h2>\n\n<p>Lid\u00e9 se velmi li\u0161\u00ed ve sv\u00e9 schopnosti c\u00edtit pachy. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 jsou citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na ur\u010dit\u00e9 pachy ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed. To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeno genetick\u00fdmi faktory, environment\u00e1ln\u00edmi faktory nebo kombinac\u00ed obou.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010cichov\u00e9 poruchy<\/h2>\n\n<p>Anosmie je ztr\u00e1ta \u010dichu. Parosmie je stav, kdy jsou pachy zkreslen\u00e9 nebo nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9. Fantomov\u00e9 pachy jsou pachy, kter\u00e9 jsou vn\u00edm\u00e1ny, kdy\u017e nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomen \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd skute\u010dn\u00fd pach. Tyto stavy mohou b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeny \u0159adou faktor\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b poran\u011bn\u00ed hlavy, z\u00e1n\u011bt\u016f vedlej\u0161\u00edch nosn\u00edch dutin a n\u011bkter\u00fdch l\u00e9k\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vliv COVID-19 na \u010dich<\/h2>\n\n<p>COVID-19 m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit do\u010dasnou nebo trvalou ztr\u00e1tu \u010dichu. Je to proto, \u017ee virus m\u016f\u017ee po\u0161kodit \u010dichov\u00fd epitel a \u010dichovou cibuli. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ztr\u00e1ta \u010dichu zn\u00e1mkou infekce COVID-19.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010cichov\u00fd tr\u00e9nink<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u010cichov\u00fd tr\u00e9nink je terapie, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee pomoci lidem znovu z\u00edskat \u010dich pot\u00e9, co byl ztracen nebo sn\u00ed\u017een. Zahrnuje opakovan\u00e9 \u010dich\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u016fn\u00ed a snahu o jejich identifikaci.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nosn\u00ed spreje se steroidy a krevn\u00ed plazma bohat\u00e1 na trombocyty<\/h2>\n\n<p>Nosn\u00ed spreje se steroidy a krevn\u00ed plazma bohat\u00e1 na trombocyty jsou l\u00e9\u010dby, kter\u00e9 lze pou\u017e\u00edt ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u010dichov\u00e9 funkce u lid\u00ed s \u010dichov\u00fdmi poruchami. Nosn\u00ed spreje se steroidy sni\u017euj\u00ed z\u00e1n\u011bt v nosn\u00ed dutin\u011b, zat\u00edmco krevn\u00ed plazma bohat\u00e1 na trombocyty obsahuje r\u016fstov\u00e9 faktory, kter\u00e9 mohou pomoci opravit po\u0161kozenou \u010dichovou tk\u00e1\u0148.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed pachy<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pracuj\u00ed na identifikaci sady prim\u00e1rn\u00edch pach\u016f, kter\u00e9 lze kombinovat tak, aby vytvo\u0159ily v\u011bt\u0161inu ostatn\u00edch pach\u016f. To by mohlo v\u00e9st k v\u00fdvoji technologi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed zachytit a reprodukovat pachy digit\u00e1ln\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chemie a fyziologie \u010dichu<\/h2>\n\n<p>Chemie \u010dichu zahrnuje interakci molekul pachu s receptory v na\u0161em nose. Fyziologie \u010dichu zahrnuje p\u0159evod t\u011bchto sign\u00e1l\u016f na elektrick\u00e9 impulzy, kter\u00e9 jsou odes\u00edl\u00e1ny do mozku.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010cich a kultura<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u010cich je \u00fazce spjat s kulturou. R\u016fzn\u00e9 kultury maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 preference v\u016fn\u00ed a parf\u00e9m\u016f. \u010cich lze tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt ke komunikaci spole\u010densk\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti ke skupin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010cich a jazyk<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pachy jsou \u010dasto t\u011b\u017eko popsateln\u00e9 slovy. Je to proto, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 jazyk nem\u00e1 dob\u0159e rozvinutou slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu pro pachy. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci v\u0161ak pracuj\u00ed na v\u00fdvoji nov\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak popisovat a komunikovat o pachech.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010cich a \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u010cich lze pou\u017e\u00edt ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed pohybu zv\u00ed\u0159at. Lze jej tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt k vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pohlcuj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00e1\u017eitk\u016f v muze\u00edch a dal\u0161\u00edch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u010cich: Z\u00e1hadn\u00fd smysl \u010dichu Co je \u010dich? \u010cich je n\u00e1\u0161 smysl \u010dichu. Umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m detekovat a identifikovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 pachy. V nose m\u00e1me asi 400 r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f \u010dichov\u00fdch receptor\u016f. Tyto receptory&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23752,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[411],"tags":[1578,1580,1579,160,342,1577],"class_list":["post-644","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-neuroscience","tag-olfaction","tag-olfactory-art","tag-neuroscience","tag-science-communication","tag-life-science","tag-smell"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/644","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=644"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/644\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":645,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/644\/revisions\/645"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23752"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=644"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=644"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=644"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}