{"id":686,"date":"2024-04-29T21:31:13","date_gmt":"2024-04-29T21:31:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=686"},"modified":"2024-04-29T21:31:13","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T21:31:13","slug":"exploring-ultracold-physics-quest-for-absolute-zero","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/physics\/exploring-ultracold-physics-quest-for-absolute-zero\/","title":{"rendered":"Nejchladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsto ve vesm\u00edru: zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed fyziky extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nejchladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsto ve vesm\u00edru: zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed fyziky extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hled\u00e1n\u00ed absolutn\u00ed nuly<\/h2>\n\n<p>Fyzici byli dlouho fascinov\u00e1ni konceptem absolutn\u00ed nuly, nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 teploty, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 ustane ve\u0161ker\u00fd atomov\u00fd pohyb a nez\u016fstane \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 energie. A\u010dkoli je absolutn\u00ed nula nedosa\u017eiteln\u00e1, v\u011bdci dos\u00e1hli pozoruhodn\u00e9ho pokroku v dosa\u017een\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edzej\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 poznatky o chov\u00e1n\u00ed hmoty.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fyzika extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot: nov\u00e1 hranice<\/h2>\n\n<p>Fyzika extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot je studium hmoty p\u0159i extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch, obvykle bl\u00edzk\u00fdch absolutn\u00ed nule. P\u0159i t\u011bchto teplot\u00e1ch se atomy a dokonce i sv\u011btlo chovaj\u00ed neobvykl\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem a projevuj\u00ed se jevy jako supravodivost a superfluita.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bose-Einsteinovy kondenz\u00e1ty (BEC)<\/h2>\n\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdvoj\u016f ve fyzice extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot je vytvo\u0159en\u00ed Bose-Einsteinov\u00fdch kondenz\u00e1t\u016f (BEC). BEC vznikaj\u00ed, kdy\u017e oblak atom\u016f vstoup\u00ed do stejn\u00e9ho kvantov\u00e9ho stavu a chov\u00e1 se jako jedin\u00e1 entita. To umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u011bdc\u016fm studovat vlastnosti hmoty na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supravodivost a superfluita<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pod ur\u010dit\u00fdmi teplotami se n\u011bkter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly st\u00e1vaj\u00ed supravodiv\u00fdmi a ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00fd elektrick\u00fd odpor. Jin\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed suprakapalinami, kter\u00e9 mohou proudit bez t\u0159en\u00ed mal\u00fdmi kan\u00e1ly. Tyto vlastnosti maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l k revoluci ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed energie a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teplota na Zemi<\/h2>\n\n<p>V roce 2003 fyzici z Massachusettsk\u00e9ho technologick\u00e9ho institutu dos\u00e1hli rekordn\u00ed teploty 810 biliontin stupn\u011b nad absolutn\u00ed nulou. Tato extr\u00e9mn\u00ed zima byla dosa\u017eena zachycen\u00edm atom\u016f sod\u00edku v magnetick\u00e9m poli a pou\u017eit\u00edm laserov\u00fdch paprsk\u016f ke zpomalen\u00ed jejich pohybu.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zpomalen\u00ed sv\u011btla na pl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm pozoruhodn\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bchem ve fyzice extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot je schopnost zpomalit sv\u011btlo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 k zastaven\u00ed. Vysl\u00e1n\u00edm laserov\u00e9ho paprsku p\u0159es BEC se v\u011bdc\u016fm poda\u0159ilo sn\u00ed\u017eit rychlost sv\u011btla na n\u011bkolik kilometr\u016f za hodinu. To otev\u0159elo nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pro studium povahy sv\u011btla a v\u00fdvoj pokro\u010dil\u00fdch optick\u00fdch technologi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot<\/h2>\n\n<p>Krom\u011b BEC zkoumaj\u00ed v\u011bdci tak\u00e9 jin\u00e9 metody, jak dos\u00e1hnout extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot. Ve Finsku fyzici pou\u017eili magnetick\u00e1 pole k manipulaci s j\u00e1dry atom\u016f rhodia a dos\u00e1hli teplot je\u0161t\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch, ne\u017e jak\u00fdch bylo dosa\u017eeno s BEC.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Limity chlazen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>I kdy\u017e v\u011bdci neust\u00e1le posouvaj\u00ed hranice fyziky extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot, uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee absolutn\u00ed nula je nakonec nedosa\u017eiteln\u00e1. Z\u00e1kony termodynamiky ur\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee by bylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed nekone\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dasu a energie k odstran\u011bn\u00ed ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho tepla z l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aplikace fyziky extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00fdzkum prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fd ve fyzice extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot m\u00e1 dalekos\u00e1hl\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 obory, v\u010detn\u011b:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Supravodivost:<\/strong> v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou v\u00e9st elekt\u0159inu bez odporu p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b, co\u017e vede k efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu p\u0159enosu a ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed energie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kvantov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de:<\/strong> vyu\u017eit\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed BEC k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed kvantov\u00fdch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f s v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161enou v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed kapacitou.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Optick\u00e9 technologie:<\/strong> vyu\u017eit\u00ed pomal\u00e9ho sv\u011btla ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed rychlosti p\u0159enosu dat a v\u00fdvoji nov\u00fdch optick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pr\u016fzkum fyziky extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot neust\u00e1le p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 objevy o povaze hmoty a sv\u011btla. A\u010dkoli absolutn\u00ed nula z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nepolapiteln\u00fdm c\u00edlem, poznatky z\u00edskan\u00e9 z t\u011bchto studi\u00ed maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l zm\u011bnit na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru a otev\u0159\u00edt cestu k revolu\u010dn\u00edm technologi\u00edm.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nejchladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00edsto ve vesm\u00edru: zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed fyziky extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00fdch teplot Hled\u00e1n\u00ed absolutn\u00ed nuly Fyzici byli dlouho fascinov\u00e1ni konceptem absolutn\u00ed nuly, nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 teploty, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 ustane ve\u0161ker\u00fd atomov\u00fd pohyb a nez\u016fstane&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[965],"tags":[1666,1667,1669,1670,1668,1665],"class_list":["post-686","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-physics","tag-absolute-zero","tag-bose-einstein-condensates","tag-superfluidity","tag-quantum-phenomena","tag-superconductivity","tag-ultracold-physics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=686"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":687,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/686\/revisions\/687"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}