B\u011bhem studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky \u010delily Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty v\u00fdzv\u011b, jak vyv\u00e1\u017eit svou oddanost demokracii a rovnosti se skute\u010dnostmi rasov\u00e9 segregace doma. P\u0159\u00edtomnost segregace a diskriminace v\u016f\u010di \u010dern\u00fdm Ameri\u010dan\u016fm, v\u010detn\u011b diplomat\u016f z africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, po\u0161kozovala obraz Ameriky na sv\u011btov\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u011b a poskytovala munici sov\u011btsk\u00e9 propagand\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
Ministerstvo zahrani\u010d\u00ed v reakci na rostouc\u00ed po\u010det incident\u016f s diskriminac\u00ed v\u016f\u010di diplomat\u016fm v roce 1961 vytvo\u0159ilo Odd\u011blen\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch protokol\u016f (SPSS). SPSS v \u010dele s Pedrem Sanjuanem m\u011blo za c\u00edl \u0159e\u0161it dva nejnal\u00e9hav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my, kter\u00fdm zahrani\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci \u010delili: naj\u00edt bydlen\u00ed ve Washingtonu, D.C., a bezpe\u010dn\u011b cestovat po silnic\u00edch spojuj\u00edc\u00edch hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto s Organizac\u00ed spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f v New Yorku.<\/p>\n\n
Hnut\u00ed za africkou nez\u00e1vislost, v n\u011bm\u017e 17 africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed vyhl\u00e1silo nez\u00e1vislost na koloni\u00e1ln\u00ed nadvl\u00e1d\u011b v roce 1960, m\u011blo v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na americkou politiku ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Kdy\u017e tyto zem\u011b z\u0159\u00eddily diplomatick\u00e9 mise ve Washingtonu, jejich z\u00e1stupci byli o\u010dit\u00fdmi sv\u011bdky rasismu nam\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9ho proti \u010dern\u00fdm Ameri\u010dan\u016fm. Tyto zku\u0161enosti podn\u00edtily v\u00fdzvy k rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 reform\u011b ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech.<\/p>\n\n
Afri\u010dt\u00ed diplomat\u00e9 \u010delili \u0159ad\u011b v\u00fdzev p\u0159i orientaci v americk\u00fdch rasov\u00fdch p\u0159edsudc\u00edch. \u010casto jim bylo odep\u0159eno poskytnut\u00ed slu\u017eeb v restaurac\u00edch, hotelech a dal\u0161\u00edch ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. Byli tak\u00e9 vystaveni verb\u00e1ln\u00edmu a fyzick\u00e9mu napad\u00e1n\u00ed. Tyto incidenty nejen\u017ee diplomaty poni\u017eovaly, ale po\u0161kodily i reputaci Ameriky v zahrani\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Kennedyho administrativa, aby ospravedlnila snahy o ukon\u010den\u00ed diskriminace ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, odvol\u00e1vala se na r\u00e9toriku studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Tvrdil, \u017ee Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 segregaci k podkop\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bryhodnosti Ameriky a vlivu mezi nov\u011b nez\u00e1visl\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody. Tato strategie pomohla vybudovat ve\u0159ejnou podporu pro z\u00e1kony o ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1vech a vyv\u00edjela tlak na podniky a m\u00edstn\u00ed vl\u00e1dy, aby dodr\u017eovaly z\u00e1kony proti diskriminaci.<\/p>\n\n
SPSS pou\u017eilo k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed diskriminace v\u016f\u010di diplomat\u016fm \u0159adu taktik. Vyjedn\u00e1vali s majiteli podnik\u016f, apelovali na patriotismus z\u00e1konod\u00e1rc\u016f v Marylandu a generovali medi\u00e1ln\u00ed pozornost, aby zd\u016fraznili tento probl\u00e9m. Spolupracovali tak\u00e9 s organizacemi pro ob\u010dansk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va, jako je CORE, na prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed Freedom Rides pod\u00e9l Route 40, kter\u00e9 testovaly ochotu restaurac\u00ed dodr\u017eovat z\u00e1kony o desegregaci.<\/p>\n\n
Navzdory t\u011bmto snah\u00e1m se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee \u0161it\u00e9 na m\u00edru jednor\u00e1zov\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed diskriminace v\u016f\u010di diplomat\u016fm nemohou zm\u00edrnit segregaci v americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Kennedyho administrativa si uv\u011bdomila, \u017ee je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed komplexn\u00ed legislativy k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din rasov\u00e9 nerovnosti.<\/p>\n\n
V roce 1964 Kongres p\u0159ijal z\u00e1kon o ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1vech, p\u0159elomov\u00fd legislativn\u00ed akt, kter\u00fd postavil mimo z\u00e1kon rasovou segregaci na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch m\u00edstech. Tento z\u00e1kon vych\u00e1zel ze snah SPSS a dal\u0161\u00edch organizac\u00ed pro ob\u010dansk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va ukon\u010dit diskriminaci v\u016f\u010di africk\u00fdm diplomat\u016fm a v\u0161em Ameri\u010dan\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n
Hnut\u00ed za ob\u010dansk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka hr\u00e1ly propojenou roli v utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed americk\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky a dom\u00e1c\u00edch rasov\u00fdch vztah\u016f. V\u00fdzvy, kter\u00fdm \u010delili afri\u010dt\u00ed diplomat\u00e9, pomohly zv\u00fd\u0161it pov\u011bdom\u00ed o v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 povaze diskriminace ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a p\u0159isp\u011bly k p\u0159ijet\u00ed p\u0159elomov\u00e9 legislativy o ob\u010dansk\u00fdch pr\u00e1vech.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ob\u010dansk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a diplomacie studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky Dopad segregace na americkou zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiku B\u011bhem studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky \u010delily Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty v\u00fdzv\u011b, jak vyv\u00e1\u017eit svou oddanost demokracii a rovnosti se skute\u010dnostmi rasov\u00e9 segregace…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24167,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1880,1881,27,1882,1879,1883,1531,770],"class_list":["post-785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-diplomacy","tag-foreign-policy","tag-history","tag-international-relations","tag-civil-rights","tag-race-relations","tag-united-states","tag-cold-war"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/785","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=785"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/785\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24168,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/785\/revisions\/24168"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24167"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=785"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=785"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=785"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}