V rozlehl\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u00edch oce\u00e1nu byl velk\u00fd b\u00edl\u00fd \u017eralok dlouho uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pred\u00e1tor. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie v\u0161ak odhalila p\u0159ekvapivou pravdu: Velk\u00fd b\u00edl\u00fd \u017eralok nen\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fdm vrcholov\u00fdm pred\u00e1torem oce\u00e1nu. Tento titul pat\u0159\u00ed kosatce, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 tak\u00e9 jako zabij\u00e1ck\u00e1 velryba.<\/p>\n\n
Kosatky jsou skv\u011bl\u00ed lovci s pestrou stravou, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje tulen\u011b, delf\u00edny a dokonce i jin\u00e9 \u017eraloky. Jejich inteligence a kooperativn\u00ed loveck\u00e9 strategie z nich d\u011blaj\u00ed hroziv\u00e9 protivn\u00edky i pro nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00e9 pred\u00e1tory.<\/p>\n\n
Kdy\u017e kosatky vstoup\u00ed do oblasti, velc\u00ed b\u00edl\u00ed \u017eraloci ute\u010dou ze sv\u00fdch obl\u00edben\u00fdch lovi\u0161\u0165 a vyh\u00fdbaj\u00ed se n\u00e1vratu a\u017e po dobu jednoho roku. Tento jev, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako \u201ekrajina strachu\u201c, je poh\u00e1n\u011bn instinktem \u017eralok\u016f vyh\u00fdbat se pred\u00e1tor\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n
V\u011bdci pozorovali toto vyh\u00fdbav\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm studi\u00ed r\u00e1diov\u00e9ho zna\u010den\u00ed. V jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bylo pobl\u00ed\u017e ostrova Southeast Farallon ozna\u010deno 17 velk\u00fdch b\u00edl\u00fdch \u017eralok\u016f. Kdy\u017e do oblasti vstoupila skupina kosatek, \u017eraloci okam\u017eit\u011b opustili sv\u00e1 lovi\u0161t\u011b a v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich se po zbytek sez\u00f3ny nevr\u00e1tila.<\/p>\n\n
Strach z kosatek pramen\u00ed z jejich smrt\u00edc\u00edch setk\u00e1n\u00ed s velk\u00fdmi b\u00edl\u00fdmi \u017eraloky. V zaznamenan\u00fdch interakc\u00edch bylo pozorov\u00e1no, \u017ee kosatky zab\u00edjely velk\u00e9 b\u00edl\u00e9 \u017eraloky a po\u017e\u00edraly jejich v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00e1 j\u00e1tra.<\/p>\n\n
V roce 1997 p\u00e1r kosatek brut\u00e1ln\u011b zabil mlad\u00e9ho velk\u00e9ho b\u00edl\u00e9ho \u017eraloka, kter\u00fd se je pokusil p\u0159ipojit p\u0159i lovu lachtana. Kosatky \u017eraloka utloukly k smrti a se\u017eraly jeho j\u00e1tra.<\/p>\n\n
V roce 2017 bylo v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe nalezeno p\u011bt mrtv\u00fdch t\u011bl velk\u00e9ho b\u00edl\u00e9ho \u017eraloka s chirurgicky odstran\u011bn\u00fdmi j\u00e1try. Tyto hr\u016fzn\u00e9 vra\u017edy byly p\u0159ips\u00e1ny kosatk\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 sv\u00fdmi siln\u00fdmi \u010delistmi vytahuj\u00ed bohatou na \u017eiviny jatern\u00ed tk\u00e1\u0148.<\/p>\n\n
Strach z kosatek m\u00e1 dalekos\u00e1hl\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro ekosyst\u00e9my oce\u00e1n\u016f. Kdy\u017e se velc\u00ed b\u00edl\u00ed \u017eraloci vyh\u00fdbaj\u00ed oblastem, kde jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny kosatky, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed to p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti pro prosperov\u00e1n\u00ed jin\u00fdch pred\u00e1tor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Nap\u0159\u00edklad v letech, kdy kosatky nav\u0161t\u011bvuj\u00ed oblast ostrova Southeast Farallon, kles\u00e1 po\u010det slon\u00edch tule\u0148\u016f se\u017eran\u00fdch \u017eraloky o 62 %. Tento pokles predace ze strany \u017eralok\u016f umo\u017e\u0148uje mlad\u00fdm tule\u0148\u016fm \u017eivit se a r\u016fst bez hrozby lovu.<\/p>\n\n
Nov\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed vztahu mezi velk\u00fdmi b\u00edl\u00fdmi \u017eraloky a kosatkami zpochyb\u0148uje n\u00e1\u0161 tradi\u010dn\u00ed pohled na hierarchii pred\u00e1tor\u016f v oce\u00e1nu. Kosatky, se svou inteligenc\u00ed, kooperativn\u00edmi loveck\u00fdmi strategiemi a smrt\u00edc\u00ed silou, vl\u00e1dnou jako skute\u010dn\u00ed vrcholov\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i oce\u00e1nu. Jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed krajinu strachu, kter\u00e1 utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch mo\u0159sk\u00fdch druh\u016f a ovliv\u0148uje k\u0159ehkou rovnov\u00e1hu ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f oce\u00e1n\u016f.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Velc\u00ed b\u00edl\u00ed \u017eraloci: Vyd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed z kosatek, skute\u010dn\u00fdch vrcholov\u00fdch pred\u00e1tor\u016f oce\u00e1nu Vrcholov\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i a hierarchie hlubin V rozlehl\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u00edch oce\u00e1nu byl velk\u00fd b\u00edl\u00fd \u017eralok dlouho uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pred\u00e1tor. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[2279,845,2280,2282,361,2281,2283],"class_list":["post-978","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-marine-biology","tag-great-white-sharks","tag-ecosystem-impacts","tag-orcas","tag-landscape-of-fear","tag-marine-biology","tag-apex-predators","tag-predator-prey-relationships"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/978","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=978"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/978\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":979,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/978\/revisions\/979"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=978"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=978"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=978"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}