{"id":12513,"date":"2025-09-19T09:36:25","date_gmt":"2025-09-19T09:36:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=12513"},"modified":"2025-09-19T09:36:25","modified_gmt":"2025-09-19T09:36:25","slug":"rats-experience-regret-evidence-from-neuroscience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/science\/animal-behavior\/rats-experience-regret-evidence-from-neuroscience\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0391\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 &amp; \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1: \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0396\u03ce\u03c9\u03bd!"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u039f\u03b9 \u0391\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u0392\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1: 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\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0396\u03ce\u03c9\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u03b5\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u039f \u03a1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0399\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0393\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039b\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0388\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd. \u0392\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 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