\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u00bb. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae Wallace \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039b\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf \u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n
\u03a4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1770, \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03bb\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n
\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n
\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf Chuni Lall \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf Rungiah \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b6\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n
\u0397 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b6\u03ce\u03c9\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c4\u03c3\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9, \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n
\u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc. \u0388\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, \u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03cd\u03c7\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b6\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9, \u03ae \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u039f \u0393\u03b9\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u0392\u03b5\u03bb\u03cc\u03c1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n
\u0397 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd. \u0397 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\n\n
\u039f\u03b9 \u00ab\u039e\u03b5\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u0394\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9: \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0396\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u00bb \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd. \u0394\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n
\u0397 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n
\u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03be\u03bf\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u039e\u03b5\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u0394\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9: \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5939],"tags":[22798,22799,1185,1228,22797,104,22796,141],"class_list":["post-17319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-indian-art","tag-east-india-company","tag-wildlife-art","tag-colonialism","tag-botanical-art","tag-indian-art","tag-art-history","tag-forgotten-masters","tag-natural-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17319","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17319"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17319\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17320,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17319\/revisions\/17320"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17319"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17319"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17319"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}