{"id":11431,"date":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","date_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11431"},"modified":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","slug":"herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/science\/history-of-science\/herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker\/","title":{"rendered":"Herbert Spencer: A vitatott viktori\u00e1nus gondolkod\u00f3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: A vitatott viktori\u00e1nus gondolkod\u00f3<\/h2>\n\n

Korai \u00e9let \u00e9s hat\u00e1sok<\/h2>\n\n

Herbert Spencer, aki 1820-ban sz\u00fcletett, autodidakta viktori\u00e1nus gondolkod\u00f3 volt, aki jelent\u0151s m\u00e9rt\u00e9kben hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rult a tudom\u00e1nyhoz \u00e9s a filoz\u00f3fi\u00e1hoz. Filoz\u00f3fiai \u00edr\u00e1saival szerzett h\u00edrnevet, de el\u0151tte vas\u00fati m\u00e9rn\u00f6kk\u00e9nt \u00e9s \u00fajs\u00e1g\u00edr\u00f3k\u00e9nt dolgozott.<\/p>\n\n

Evol\u00faci\u00f3 \u00e9s a “legalkalmasabbak t\u00fal\u00e9l\u00e9se”<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer evol\u00faci\u00f3r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 korai \u00edr\u00e1sai, amelyek megel\u0151zt\u00e9k Darwin korszakalkot\u00f3 “A fajok eredete” c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171v\u00e9t, bevezett\u00e9k a ma m\u00e1r h\u00edres “legalkalmasabbak t\u00fal\u00e9l\u00e9se” kifejez\u00e9st. Az evol\u00faci\u00f3s elveket az emberi t\u00e1rsadalomra alkalmazta, azzal \u00e9rvelve, hogy a verseny \u00e9s a term\u00e9szetes szelekci\u00f3 a leger\u0151sebb \u00e9s legalkalmasabb egy\u00e9nek \u00e9s t\u00e1rsadalmak t\u00fal\u00e9l\u00e9s\u00e9hez vezet.<\/p>\n\n

Szoci\u00e1ldarwinizmus<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer eszm\u00e9it k\u00e9s\u0151bb a szoci\u00e1ldarwinizmus igazol\u00e1s\u00e1ra haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k, amely az a hiedelem, hogy a gazdagok \u00e9s hatalmasok meg\u00e9rdemlik a siker\u00fcket, m\u00edg a szeg\u00e9nyek \u00e9s a marginaliz\u00e1ltak meg\u00e9rdemlik a kudarcaikat. Spencer munk\u00e1j\u00e1nak ezt az \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s\u00e9t sz\u00e9les k\u00f6rben b\u00edr\u00e1lt\u00e1k, mint eszm\u00e9inek helytelen alkalmaz\u00e1s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n

\u00d6sszetett \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g<\/h2>\n\n

B\u00e1r Spencer evol\u00faci\u00f3r\u00f3l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 korai munk\u00e1ja \u00fatt\u00f6r\u0151 jelleg\u0171 volt, egy teljes filoz\u00f3fia levezet\u00e9s\u00e9re tett k\u00eds\u00e9rleteit szkepticizmmel fogadt\u00e1k. A kritikusok azzal v\u00e1dolt\u00e1k, hogy “naturalista t\u00e9ved\u00e9st” k\u00f6vet el, amikor megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lja a moralit\u00e1st term\u00e9szetes t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyekb\u0151l levezetni.<\/p>\n\n

Legut\u00f3bbi \u00fajra\u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9sek<\/h2>\n\n

Az elm\u00falt \u00e9vekben a tud\u00f3sok megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lt\u00e1k rehabilit\u00e1lni Spencer h\u00edrnev\u00e9t. Azt \u00e1ll\u00edtj\u00e1k, hogy nem volt olyan sz\u00edvtelen, mint ahogyan gyakran \u00e1br\u00e1zolj\u00e1k, \u00e9s hangs\u00falyozz\u00e1k az \u00f6nzetlens\u00e9gbe, egy\u00fctt\u00e9rz\u00e9sbe \u00e9s pacifizmusba vetett hit\u00e9t. Spencer a n\u0151k jogai mellett is ki\u00e1llt, \u00e9s progressz\u00edv n\u00e9zeteket vallott a nemi egyenl\u0151s\u00e9gr\u0151l a maga idej\u00e9ben.<\/p>\n\n

Hat\u00e1s a modern gondolkod\u00e1sra<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer eszm\u00e9i tart\u00f3s hat\u00e1st gyakoroltak a modern liberalizmusra \u00e9s t\u00e1rsadalmi gondolkod\u00e1sra. Az egy\u00e9ni szabads\u00e1gra \u00e9s a szabad piacra helyezett hangs\u00falya befoly\u00e1solta a liber\u00e1lis \u00e9s konzervat\u00edv ideol\u00f3gi\u00e1kat. A kort\u00e1rs evol\u00faci\u00f3s pszichol\u00f3gusok, mint Steven Pinker \u00e9s E.O. Wilson, tartozhatnak Spencer eszm\u00e9inek, an\u00e9lk\u00fcl, hogy teljes m\u00e9rt\u00e9kben elismern\u00e9k hat\u00e1sukat.<\/p>\n\n

Szem\u00e9lyes \u00e9let \u00e9s \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer soha nem h\u00e1zasodott meg, \u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151bbi \u00e9veit viszonylagos elszigetelts\u00e9gben t\u00f6lt\u00f6tte, k\u00fczdve nyilv\u00e1nos im\u00e1zs\u00e1nak ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1\u00e9rt. Korai h\u00edrneve ellen\u00e9re h\u00edrneve cs\u00f6kkent a tudom\u00e1ny \u00e9s a filoz\u00f3fia fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9vel. 1903-ban halt meg, s\u00edrja a Highgate temet\u0151ben Karl Marx s\u00edrj\u00e1val szemben tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3, akinek eszm\u00e9ivel hat\u00e1rozottan szembesz\u00e1llt.<\/p>\n\n

Spencer tart\u00f3s hat\u00e1sa<\/h2>\n\n

Munk\u00e1ja k\u00f6r\u00fcli vit\u00e1k ellen\u00e9re Spencer tov\u00e1bbra is jelent\u0151s alakja a tudom\u00e1ny \u00e9s a filoz\u00f3fia t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9nek. Az evol\u00faci\u00f3s elveken alapul\u00f3 \u00e1tfog\u00f3 vil\u00e1gk\u00e9p ambici\u00f3zus v\u00edzi\u00f3ja tart\u00f3s \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9get hagyott maga ut\u00e1n, m\u00e9g akkor is, ha konkr\u00e9t eszm\u00e9it id\u0151vel megk\u00e9rd\u0151jelezt\u00e9k \u00e9s finom\u00edtott\u00e1k.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: A vitatott viktori\u00e1nus gondolkod\u00f3 Korai \u00e9let \u00e9s hat\u00e1sok Herbert Spencer, aki 1820-ban sz\u00fcletett, autodidakta viktori\u00e1nus gondolkod\u00f3 volt, aki jelent\u0151s m\u00e9rt\u00e9kben hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rult a tudom\u00e1nyhoz \u00e9s a filoz\u00f3fi\u00e1hoz. Filoz\u00f3fiai \u00edr\u00e1saival…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23930,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[35,136,98,15480,15481,2546,1900],"class_list":["post-11431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-science-history","tag-evolution","tag-philosophy","tag-herbert-spencer","tag-social-darwinism","tag-natural-selection","tag-victorian-era"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11431"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11432,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions\/11432"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}