{"id":2752,"date":"2020-03-11T03:32:53","date_gmt":"2020-03-11T03:32:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2752"},"modified":"2020-03-11T03:32:53","modified_gmt":"2020-03-11T03:32:53","slug":"14th-century-papal-bull-fragment-unearthed-in-poland","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/science\/archaeology\/14th-century-papal-bull-fragment-unearthed-in-poland\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u00e1pai dekr\u00e9tum k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori pecs\u00e9tj\u00e9nek t\u00f6red\u00e9k\u00e9t tal\u00e1lt\u00e1k Lengyelorsz\u00e1gban"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lengyelorsz\u00e1gban ker\u00fclt el\u0151 egy p\u00e1pai dekr\u00e9tum k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori pecs\u00e9tj\u00e9nek t\u00f6red\u00e9ke<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u00e1pai bulla t\u00f6red\u00e9k\u00e9nek felfedez\u00e9se<\/h2>\n\n<p>Lengyelorsz\u00e1gban jelent\u0151s r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti felfedez\u00e9s t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt, ahol egy 14. sz\u00e1zadi p\u00e1pai bulla grav\u00edrozott \u00f3lompecs\u00e9tj\u00e9nek t\u00f6red\u00e9k\u00e9t t\u00e1rt\u00e1k fel. A leletet Jacek Ukowski f\u00e9mkeres\u0151s kutat\u00f3 tal\u00e1lta a lengyelorsz\u00e1gi Wysoka Kamie\u0144ska falu k\u00f6zel\u00e9ben. Ez a felfedez\u00e9s a harmadik p\u00e1pai bulla t\u00f6red\u00e9k, amelyet a t\u00e9rs\u00e9gben tal\u00e1ltak.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A p\u00e1pai bull\u00e1k jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge<\/h2>\n\n<p>A p\u00e1pai bull\u00e1k a r\u00f3mai katolikus egyh\u00e1z feje \u00e1ltal kiadott hivatalos k\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek voltak, amelyeket hagyom\u00e1nyosan f\u00e9mpecs\u00e9ttel z\u00e1rtak le. Fontos \u00fczenetek tov\u00e1bb\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k \u0151ket, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul szentek szentt\u00e9 avat\u00e1sa \u00e9s dogmatikus nyilatkozatok. A &#8220;p\u00e1pai bulla&#8221; kifejez\u00e9s a latin &#8220;bulla&#8221; sz\u00f3b\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmazik, amely &#8220;pecs\u00e9tet&#8221; jelent.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A t\u00f6red\u00e9k jellemz\u0151i<\/h2>\n\n<p>A t\u00f6red\u00e9k egy kis \u00f3lomdarab, amelynek fel\u00fclet\u00e9re r\u00f3mai sz\u00e1mok \u00e9s bet\u0171k vannak grav\u00edrozva. A kutat\u00f3k \u00fagy v\u00e9lik, hogy egy nagyobb p\u00e1pai bull\u00e1nak a r\u00e9sze lehet, amelyet 1303 \u00e9s 1352 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt adtak ki. A t\u00f6red\u00e9ken l\u00e9v\u0151 felirat s\u00e9r\u00fclt, ami megnehez\u00edti annak azonos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t, hogy pontosan melyik p\u00e1pa adta ki.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lehets\u00e9ges eredet<\/h2>\n\n<p>A bet\u0171k \u00e9s az ikonogr\u00e1fia st\u00edlusa alapj\u00e1n a kutat\u00f3k \u00fagy v\u00e9lik, hogy a lelet a 14. sz\u00e1zad els\u0151 fel\u00e9ben uralkod\u00f3 n\u00e9gy p\u00e1pa egyik\u00e9hez k\u00f6thet\u0151: XI. Benedekhez, V. Kelemenhez, XII. Benedekhez vagy VI. Kelemenhez. A pontos eredet\u00e9nek meger\u0151s\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9hez azonban tov\u00e1bbi kutat\u00e1sokra van sz\u00fcks\u00e9g.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kor\u00e1bbi felfedez\u00e9sek<\/h2>\n\n<p>E felfedez\u00e9s el\u0151tt k\u00e9t m\u00e1sik p\u00e1pai bulla t\u00f6red\u00e9ket tal\u00e1ltak ugyanabban a lengyel tartom\u00e1nyban. Az els\u0151 egy teljes pecs\u00e9t volt, amely XII. Benedek p\u00e1pa kor\u00e1b\u00f3l (1334-1342) sz\u00e1rmazik. A m\u00e1sodik egy t\u00f6red\u00e9k volt, amelyet val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg VIII. Ince p\u00e1pa idej\u00e9n (1484-1492) k\u00e9sz\u00edtettek. Mindh\u00e1rom t\u00f6red\u00e9k a Kamie\u0144i F\u00f6ld T\u00f6rt\u00e9neti M\u00fazeum\u00e1ban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A felfedez\u00e9s jelent\u0151s\u00e9ge<\/h2>\n\n<p>Grzegorz Kurka m\u00fazeumigazgat\u00f3 szerint Lengyelorsz\u00e1gban mind\u00f6ssze egy tucatnyi p\u00e1pai bull\u00e1t fedeztek fel, ami ritka \u00e9s \u00e9rt\u00e9kes leletekk\u00e9 teszi \u0151ket. Ennek a harmadik t\u00f6red\u00e9knek a felfedez\u00e9se kieg\u00e9sz\u00edti a m\u00fazeum gy\u0171jtem\u00e9ny\u00e9t, \u00e9s tov\u00e1bbi betekint\u00e9st ny\u00fajt a kutat\u00f3knak a p\u00e1pas\u00e1g t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9be \u00e9s a p\u00e1pai tekint\u00e9ly terjed\u00e9s\u00e9be a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori Lengyelorsz\u00e1gban.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Megoldatlan rejt\u00e9lyek<\/h2>\n\n<p>A t\u00f6red\u00e9k felfedez\u00e9se ellen\u00e9re sok k\u00e9rd\u00e9s megv\u00e1laszolatlan marad az eredet\u00e9t illet\u0151en. A kutat\u00f3k m\u00e9g mindig bizonytalanok abban, hogy a bulla hogyan ker\u00fclt arra a helyre, ahol megtal\u00e1lt\u00e1k. Felt\u00e9telezik, hogy egy m\u00e1sik ter\u00fcletr\u0151l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 talajjal sz\u00e1ll\u00edtott\u00e1k oda, vagy egy \u00faj \u00fatfel\u00fclet \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9se sor\u00e1n veszett el. A lelet pontos sz\u00e1rmaz\u00e1si helye val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg rejt\u00e9ly marad.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u00f6vetkeztet\u00e9s<\/h2>\n\n<p>A p\u00e1pai bulla t\u00f6red\u00e9k\u00e9nek felfedez\u00e9se Lengyelorsz\u00e1gban a katolikus egyh\u00e1z gazdag t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelm\u00e9nek \u00e9s vezet\u0151inek tart\u00f3s \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g\u00e9nek a bizony\u00edt\u00e9ka. A lelet \u00e9rt\u00e9kes betekint\u00e9st ny\u00fajt a p\u00e1pas\u00e1g gyakorlataiba \u00e9s kommunik\u00e1ci\u00f3s m\u00f3dszereibe a k\u00f6z\u00e9pkorban. B\u00e1r az eredet\u00e9t \u00f6vez\u0151 n\u00e9h\u00e1ny rejt\u00e9ly tal\u00e1n soha nem fog teljesen megold\u00f3dni, a t\u00f6red\u00e9k Lengyelorsz\u00e1g kultur\u00e1lis \u00f6r\u00f6ks\u00e9g\u00e9nek fontos r\u00e9sz\u00e9t k\u00e9pezi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lengyelorsz\u00e1gban ker\u00fclt el\u0151 egy p\u00e1pai dekr\u00e9tum k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori pecs\u00e9tj\u00e9nek t\u00f6red\u00e9ke P\u00e1pai bulla t\u00f6red\u00e9k\u00e9nek felfedez\u00e9se Lengyelorsz\u00e1gban jelent\u0151s r\u00e9g\u00e9szeti felfedez\u00e9s t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt, ahol egy 14. sz\u00e1zadi p\u00e1pai bulla grav\u00edrozott \u00f3lompecs\u00e9tj\u00e9nek t\u00f6red\u00e9k\u00e9t t\u00e1rt\u00e1k fel. A&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[1026,1677,5474,88,5473],"class_list":["post-2752","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-medieval-history","tag-poland","tag-papal-bulls","tag-archaeology","tag-religious-artifacts"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2752","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2752"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2752\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2753,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2752\/revisions\/2753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2752"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2752"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2752"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}