{"id":11431,"date":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","date_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11431"},"modified":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","slug":"herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/science\/history-of-science\/herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker\/","title":{"rendered":"Herbert Spencer: g\u00e2nditorul victorian controversat \u0219i influen\u021ba sa durabil\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: g\u00e2nditorul victorian controversat<\/h2>\n\n

Via\u021ba timpurie \u0219i influen\u021bele<\/h2>\n\n

Herbert Spencer, n\u0103scut \u00een 1820, a fost un g\u00e2nditor victorian autodidact care a adus contribu\u021bii semnificative la \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i filosofie. A lucrat ca inginer feroviar \u0219i jurnalist \u00eenainte de a-\u0219i stabili reputa\u021bia prin scrierile sale filosofice.<\/p>\n\n

Evolu\u021bia \u0219i \u201esupravie\u021buirea celui mai adaptat\u201d<\/h2>\n\n

Primele scrieri ale lui Spencer despre evolu\u021bie, care au precedat lucrarea fundamental a lui Darwin \u201eDespre originea speciilor\u201d, au introdus expresia, acum celebr\u0103, \u201esupravie\u021buirea celui mai adaptat\u201d. A aplicat principiile evolutive societ\u0103\u021bii umane, argument\u00e2nd c\u0103 \u00eentrecerea \u0219i selec\u021bia natural\u0103 au condus la supravie\u021buirea celor mai puternici \u0219i mai adapta\u021bi indivizi \u0219i societ\u0103\u021bi.<\/p>\n\n

Darwinismul social<\/h2>\n\n

Ideile lui Spencer au fost folosite ulterior pentru a justifica darwinismul social, credin\u021ba conform c\u0103reia cei boga\u021bi \u0219i puternici meritau succesul lor \u00een timp ce cei s\u0103raci \u0219i marginaliza\u021bi meritau e\u0219ecurile lor. Aceast\u0103 interpretare a lucr\u0103rii lui Spencer a fost criticat\u0103 pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103 ca o aplicare gre\u0219it\u0103 a ideilor sale.<\/p>\n\n

O mo\u0219tenire complex\u0103<\/h2>\n\n

\u00cen timp ce lucr\u0103rile sale timpurii despre evolu\u021bie au fost revolu\u021bionare, \u00eencerc\u0103rile sale de a extrapola dintr-o filozofie complet\u0103 s-au lovit de scepticism. Criticii l-au acuzat c\u0103 a comis \u201eeroarea naturalist\u0103\u201d \u00eencerc\u00e2nd s\u0103 derive moralitatea din legile naturale.<\/p>\n\n

Reevalu\u0103ri recente<\/h2>\n\n

\u00cen ultimii ani, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 au \u00eencercat s\u0103 reabiliteze reputa\u021bia lui Spencer. Ei sus\u021bin c\u0103 nu a fost at\u00e2t de lipsit de inim\u0103 precum este adesea prezentat, subliniind credin\u021ba sa \u00een altruism, simpatie \u0219i pacifism. Spencer a pledat, de asemenea, pentru drepturile femeilor \u0219i a sus\u021binut opinii progresiste cu privire la egalitatea de gen pentru vremea sa.<\/p>\n\n

Influen\u021ba asupra g\u00e2ndirii moderne<\/h2>\n\n

Ideile lui Spencer au avut un impact de durat\u0103 asupra liberalismului modern \u0219i asupra g\u00e2ndirii sociale. Accentul s\u0103u pe libertatea individual\u0103 \u0219i pie\u021bele libere a influen\u021bat ideologiile liberale \u0219i conservatoare. Psihologii evolu\u021bioni\u0219ti contemporani, precum Steven Pinker \u0219i E.O. Wilson, ar putea fi \u00eendatora\u021bi ideilor lui Spencer f\u0103r\u0103 a-\u0219i recunoa\u0219te pe deplin influen\u021ba.<\/p>\n\n

Via\u021ba personal\u0103 \u0219i mo\u0219tenirea<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer nu s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit niciodat\u0103 \u0219i \u0219i-a petrecut ultimii ani \u00een izolare relativ\u0103, lupt\u00e2nd s\u0103-\u0219i controleze imaginea public\u0103. \u00cen ciuda faimei sale timpurii, reputa\u021bia sa a sc\u0103zut pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce \u0219tiin\u021ba \u0219i filosofia au progresat. A murit \u00een 1903, iar morm\u00e2ntul s\u0103u din cimitirul Highgate se afl\u0103 vizavi de cel al lui Karl Marx, ale c\u0103rui idei s-a opus cu vehemen\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

Influen\u021ba de durat\u0103 a lui Spencer<\/h2>\n\n

\u00cen ciuda controverselor care \u00eenconjoar\u0103 opera sa, Spencer r\u0103m\u00e2ne o figur\u0103 important\u0103 \u00een istoria \u0219tiin\u021bei \u0219i a filozofiei. Viziunea sa ambi\u021bioas\u0103 a unei viziuni globale bazate pe principii evolutive a l\u0103sat o mo\u0219tenire de durat\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 ideile sale specifice au fost contestate \u0219i rafinate \u00een timp.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: g\u00e2nditorul victorian controversat Via\u021ba timpurie \u0219i influen\u021bele Herbert Spencer, n\u0103scut \u00een 1820, a fost un g\u00e2nditor victorian autodidact care a adus contribu\u021bii semnificative la \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i filosofie. A…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23930,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[15481,1900,136,98,15480,35,2546],"class_list":["post-11431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-social-darwinism","tag-victorian-era","tag-evolution","tag-philosophy","tag-herbert-spencer","tag-science-history","tag-natural-selection"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11431"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11432,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions\/11432"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}