De-a lungul istoriei, r\u0103zboiul a fost un \u00eenso\u021bitor constant al omenirii. Contrar mitului nobilului s\u0103lbatic, pa\u0219nic, dovezile arheologice dezv\u0103luie o realitate omniprezent\u0103 \u0219i mortal\u0103 a r\u0103zboiului \u00een trecut. De la basoreliefurile r\u0103zboinicilor asirieni la stelele care \u00eei \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 pe faraonii egipteni \u00eenving\u00e2ndu-\u0219i du\u0219manii, artefactele antice zugr\u0103vesc o imagine sumbr\u0103 a conflictului.<\/p>\n\n
Chiar \u0219i printre societ\u0103\u021bile \u201epa\u0219nice\u201d precum amerindienii, aborigenii, eschimo\u0219ii \u0219i bu\u0219manii, datele arheologice, antropologice \u0219i ecologice sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 r\u0103zboiul era r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u0219i letal. Steven A. LeBlanc, un arheolog de la Harvard, sus\u021bine c\u0103 oamenii \u0219i r\u0103zboiul au mers \u00eentotdeauna m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/p>\n\n
LeBlanc identific\u0103 dezechilibrul ecologic drept o cauz\u0103 principal\u0103 a r\u0103zboiului. Atunci c\u00e2nd popula\u021bia dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te oferta de hran\u0103 sau terenul se degradeaz\u0103, oamenii concureaz\u0103 pentru resurse finite, ceea ce duce la puncte de declan\u0219are a conflictului. Orientul Mijlociu \u0219i Balcanii, de exemplu, au o lung\u0103 istorie de stres ecologic \u0219i degradare, contribuind la conflictele lor continue.<\/p>\n\n
Impulsul de a purta r\u0103zboi se extinde cu mult \u00een istoria noastr\u0103 evolutiv\u0103. Cele mai apropiate rude ale noastre de maimu\u021be, cum ar fi cimpanzeii, se angajeaz\u0103 \u00een acte violente de r\u0103zboi, reflect\u00e2nd conflictele umane. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce oamenii au evoluat, violen\u021ba a devenit norma, un contrast puternic cu no\u021biunea romanticizat\u0103 a nobilului s\u0103lbatic popularizat\u0103 de Rousseau \u0219i adep\u021bii s\u0103i.<\/p>\n\n
R\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u021bele scheletice din \u00eentreaga lume ofer\u0103 dovezi de net\u0103g\u0103duit ale violen\u021bei \u00eengrozitoare. Locurile de \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntare ale aborigenilor antici, v\u00e2n\u0103tori-culeg\u0103tori f\u0103r\u0103 a\u0219ez\u0103ri permanente, dezv\u0103luie semne de mor\u021bi violente, masacre \u0219i arme specializate concepute pentru r\u0103zboi. Aceast\u0103 dovad\u0103 clar\u0103 contest\u0103 mitul primitivului pa\u0219nic.<\/p>\n\n
Tranzi\u021bia de la cules la agricultur\u0103 \u00een jurul anului 10.000 \u00ee.Hr. a adus stresuri semnificative asupra mediului. Cre\u0219terea popula\u021biei a dus la o exploatare crescut\u0103 a resurselor naturale, f\u0103c\u00e2nd r\u0103zboiul mai frecvent \u0219i mai mortal dec\u00e2t \u00een \u200b\u200bera culesului.<\/p>\n\n
Judith Martin, cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i sub numele de Miss Manners, exploreaz\u0103 eticheta unic\u0103 a societ\u0103\u021bii americane \u00een cartea ei \u201eStar-Spangled Manners\u201d. Ea atribuie manierelor americane o credin\u021b\u0103 fundamental\u0103 \u00een egalitate, care \u00ee\u0219i are originea la \u00eentemeietorii na\u021biunii. Acest spirit egalitar se manifest\u0103 \u00eentr-un comportament direct \u0219i realist, reconfortant.<\/p>\n\n
Martin identific\u0103 optimismul \u0219i o etic\u0103 puternic\u0103 a muncii ca tr\u0103s\u0103turi definitorii ale caracterului american. Americanii cred \u00een posibilitatea succesului, chiar \u0219i \u00een fa\u021ba obstacolelor. Ei pre\u021buiesc munca grea \u0219i v\u0103d timpul liber ca pe ceva ce trebuie c\u00e2\u0219tigat, mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t un drept.<\/p>\n\n
Martin examineaz\u0103, de asemenea, rela\u021bia american\u0103 dificil\u0103 cu servitorii. Americanii sunt sf\u00e2\u0219ia\u021bi \u00eentre dorin\u021ba de confort \u0219i un disconfort fa\u021b\u0103 de ideea de a avea pe cineva care s\u0103 \u00eei serveasc\u0103. Aceast\u0103 tensiune reflect\u0103 un disconfort american mai larg fa\u021b\u0103 de ierarhia social\u0103.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Omul \u015fi r\u0103zboiul: Demolarea mitului nobilului s\u0103lbatic Dovezile arheologice spulber\u0103 iluzia De-a lungul istoriei, r\u0103zboiul a fost un \u00eenso\u021bitor constant al omenirii. Contrar mitului nobilului s\u0103lbatic, pa\u0219nic, dovezile arheologice dezv\u0103luie…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[132,88,5292,1164,15609,136,27,195,1325,2623,3270],"class_list":["post-11538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-anthropology","tag-archaeology","tag-social-behavior","tag-conflict","tag-egalitarianism","tag-evolution","tag-history","tag-mythology","tag-human-nature","tag-peace","tag-warfare"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11538","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11538"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11538\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11539,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11538\/revisions\/11539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11538"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11538"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11538"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}