{"id":1377,"date":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=1377"},"modified":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","modified_gmt":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","slug":"alcoholism-in-post-revolution-america-the-legacy-of-benjamin-rush","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/science\/medicine\/alcoholism-in-post-revolution-america-the-legacy-of-benjamin-rush\/","title":{"rendered":"Istoria alcoolismului: de la America post-revolu\u021bionar\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alcoolismul \u00een America post-Revolu\u021bionar\u0103<\/h2>\n\n

Dup\u0103 R\u0103zboiul Revolu\u021bionar, americanii beau alcool \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi uluitoare. Lichile tari din primele distilerii ale na\u021biunii au \u00eenlocuit cidrul \u0219i berea, b\u0103uturile preferate ale vremurilor coloniale. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1830, fiecare persoan\u0103 consuma \u00een medie peste \u0219apte galoane de alcool pe an.<\/p>\n\n

Se credea c\u0103 alcoolul are beneficii medicinale, prevenind febra \u0219i ajut\u00e2nd la digestie. Potrivit lui Mark Lender, un istoric \u0219i coautor al c\u0103r\u021bii Drinking in America<\/em>, \u201eDac\u0103 nu bei, \u00ee\u021bi pui s\u0103n\u0103tatea \u00een pericol\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

Benjamin Rush \u0219i Mi\u0219carea de Abstinen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\n\n

Benjamin Rush, semnatar al Declara\u021biei de Independen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i un medic proeminent, a ap\u0103rut ca un avocat de frunte al abstinen\u021bei. \u00cen eseul s\u0103u din 1785, \u201eO anchet\u0103 asupra efectelor b\u0103uturilor spirtoase asupra corpului \u0219i min\u021bii umane\u201d, Rush a subliniat pericolele abuzului de alcool.<\/p>\n\n

Pentru a-\u0219i ilustra punctele, Rush a creat un \u201eTermometru moral \u0219i fizic\u201d care descria afec\u021biunile medicale, activit\u0103\u021bile criminale \u0219i pedepsele asociate cu consumul excesiv de alcool. Pun\u0219ul, de exemplu, ar putea duce la lene, boal\u0103 \u0219i datorii. Consumul de gin, coniac \u0219i rom a fost legat de crim\u0103, nebunie \u0219i sp\u00e2nzur\u0103toare.<\/p>\n\n

Ideile lui Rush au fost \u00eent\u00e2mpinate ini\u021bial cu scepticism, dar eseul s\u0103u a devenit un bestseller. Treptat, comunitatea medical\u0103 a recunoscut be\u021bia cronic\u0103 drept o boal\u0103, iar g\u00e2ndirea lui Rush a influen\u021bat mi\u0219carea de abstinen\u021b\u0103 din anii 1820.<\/p>\n\n

Mi\u0219carea de Abstinen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Prohibi\u021bia<\/h2>\n\n

Primii sus\u021bin\u0103tori ai abstinen\u021bei au adoptat ideile lui Rush, avertiz\u00e2nd \u00eempotriva b\u0103uturilor spirtoase distilate, \u00een timp ce permiteau consumul moderat de bere, cidru \u0219i vin. Cu toate acestea, distinc\u021bia dintre lichiorurile tari \u0219i alte b\u0103uturi alcoolice a disp\u0103rut \u00een cele din urm\u0103, deoarece mi\u0219carea a militat pentru teetotalism, sau abstinen\u021ba complet\u0103 de la alcool.<\/p>\n\n

Prohibi\u021bia, care a interzis producerea, v\u00e2nzarea, importul \u0219i transportul de alcool, a intrat \u00een vigoare \u00een 1920. Al 21-lea Amendament a abrogat Prohibi\u021bia \u00een 1933.<\/p>\n\n

Conceptul de Dependen\u021b\u0103<\/h2>\n\n

Ideile lui Benjamin Rush au pus bazele \u00een\u021belegerii noastre moderne a dependen\u021bei. El credea c\u0103 abuzul de substan\u021be poate duce la dependen\u021b\u0103 fizic\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 substan\u021ba, mai degrab\u0103 dec\u00e2t individul, controleaz\u0103 comportamentul persoanei.<\/p>\n\n

Conceptul de dependen\u021b\u0103 al lui Rush ca boal\u0103 a influen\u021bat dezvoltarea programelor de tratament pentru dependen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i recunoa\u0219terea dependen\u021bei ca o problem\u0103 grav\u0103 de s\u0103n\u0103tate public\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

Consumul de Alcool Ast\u0103zi<\/h2>\n\n

Mo\u0219tenirea mi\u0219c\u0103rii de abstinen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i a Prohibi\u021biei continu\u0103 s\u0103 ne modeleze atitudinile fa\u021b\u0103 de consumul de alcool ast\u0103zi. De\u0219i alcoolul este larg disponibil, consumul excesiv de alcool r\u0103m\u00e2ne o problem\u0103 semnificativ\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

Potrivit Institutului Na\u021bional pentru Abuzul de Alcool \u0219i Alcoolism, aproximativ 14,5 milioane de adul\u021bi din Statele Unite sufer\u0103 de tulbur\u0103ri de consum de alcool. Abuzul de alcool poate duce la numeroase probleme de s\u0103n\u0103tate, inclusiv boli hepatice, boli de inim\u0103 \u0219i cancer.<\/p>\n\n

Concluzie<\/h2>\n\n

Istoria alcoolismului \u00een America este complex\u0103 \u0219i multifa\u021betat\u0103. De la consumul excesiv de alcool din perioada post-revolu\u021bionar\u0103 la mi\u0219carea de abstinen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Prohibi\u021bie, atitudinile noastre fa\u021b\u0103 de alcool au evoluat \u00een timp.<\/p>\n\n

Lucrarea inovatoare a lui Benjamin Rush asupra efectelor abuzului de alcool a pus bazele \u00een\u021belegerii noastre moderne a dependen\u021bei. Ideile sale continu\u0103 s\u0103 influen\u021beze eforturile de tratament \u0219i prevenire a dependen\u021bei ast\u0103zi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alcoolismul \u00een America post-Revolu\u021bionar\u0103 Dup\u0103 R\u0103zboiul Revolu\u021bionar, americanii beau alcool \u00een cantit\u0103\u021bi uluitoare. Lichile tari din primele distilerii ale na\u021biunii au \u00eenlocuit cidrul \u0219i berea, b\u0103uturile preferate ale vremurilor coloniale.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[359],"tags":[1919,3075,3076,1129,3077,178],"class_list":["post-1377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medicine","tag-alcoholism","tag-benjamin-rush","tag-history-of-alcohol","tag-medicine","tag-temperance-movement","tag-public-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1377"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1378,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions\/1378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1377"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1377"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1377"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}