{"id":14976,"date":"2019-06-30T22:57:41","date_gmt":"2019-06-30T22:57:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=14976"},"modified":"2019-06-30T22:57:41","modified_gmt":"2019-06-30T22:57:41","slug":"lithium-ion-batteries-transforming-the-modern-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/science\/energy\/lithium-ion-batteries-transforming-the-modern-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Bateriile litiu-ion: transform\u0103 lumea modern\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bateriile Li-ion: transform\u0103 lumea modern\u0103<\/h2>\n\n

Introducere<\/h2>\n\n

Premiul Nobel pentru chimie este un premiu prestigios care recunoa\u0219te contribu\u021biile inovatoare din domeniu. Anul acesta, premiul a fost acordat a trei oameni de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 pentru munca lor la dezvoltarea bateriilor litiu-ion, o tehnologie care a revolu\u021bionat societatea modern\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

Originile bateriilor litiu-ion<\/h2>\n\n

Dezvoltarea bateriilor litiu-ion \u00ee\u0219i are originea \u00een criza petrolului din anii 1970. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce pre\u021burile la benzin\u0103 au crescut, cercet\u0103torii au \u00eenceput s\u0103 exploreze surse alternative de energie \u0219i m\u0103suri de conservare a energiei. Unul dintre ace\u0219ti cercet\u0103tori a fost M. Stanley Whittingham, care studia supraconductorii la acea vreme.<\/p>\n\n

Cercet\u0103rile lui Whittingham l-au determinat s\u0103 descopere un material bogat \u00een energie, numit disulfur\u0103 de titan, care ar putea stoca ioni de litiu. El a creat o baterie \u00een care o parte din anod era f\u0103cut\u0103 din litiu metalic. Aceast\u0103 baterie a fost un progres semnificativ fa\u021b\u0103 de bateriile pe baz\u0103 de acid din acea vreme, dar era instabil\u0103 \u0219i predispus\u0103 la explozie.<\/p>\n\n

Rafin\u0103ri \u0219i comercializare<\/h2>\n\n

\u00cen 1980, John B. Goodenough a rafinat conceptul lui Whittingham c\u0103ut\u00e2nd alternative la disulfura de titan. El a descoperit c\u0103 oxidul de cobalt ar putea face aceea\u0219i treab\u0103 \u0219i ar putea produce \u0219i mai mult\u0103 energie. \u00cen 1985, Akira Yoshino a \u00eenlocuit litiul metalic \u00een baterie cu cocs petrolier stratificat cu ioni de litiu, f\u0103c\u00e2nd bateria mai sigur\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1991, bateria litiu-ion era suficient de stabil\u0103 pentru comercializare. Sony a lansat primele baterii litiu-ion re\u00eenc\u0103rcabile, iar tehnologia a c\u00e2\u0219tigat rapid teren pe pia\u021ba electronicelor de consum.<\/p>\n\n

Impactul asupra societ\u0103\u021bii moderne<\/h2>\n\n

Bateriile litiu-ion au avut un impact profund asupra societ\u0103\u021bii moderne. Acestea sunt componenta cheie \u00een telefoanele mobile, laptopurile \u0219i alte dispozitive portabile. De asemenea, pot fi extinse pentru a alimenta vehicule electrice \u0219i sisteme de energie regenerabil\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

Capacitatea bateriilor litiu-ion de a stoca cantit\u0103\u021bi mari de energie \u00eentr-o form\u0103 compact\u0103 \u0219i u\u0219oar\u0103 a permis dezvoltarea de noi tehnologii \u0219i aplica\u021bii. De exemplu, bateriile litiu-ion sunt utilizate \u00een stimulatoare cardiace implantabile \u0219i alte dispozitive medicale.<\/p>\n\n

Provoc\u0103ri \u0219i dezvolt\u0103ri viitoare<\/h2>\n\n

\u00cen ciuda utiliz\u0103rii lor pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103, bateriile litiu-ion se confrunt\u0103 cu unele provoc\u0103ri. Cererea de litiu cre\u0219te rapid, iar extragerea metalului poate avea impacturi negative asupra mediului \u0219i societ\u0103\u021bii. De asemenea, \u043a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u0435 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u044a\u043a, \u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0443 \u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0449\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n\n

\u0418\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438, care sunt mai durabile \u0219i mai pu\u021bin dependente de litiu \u0219i \u043a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0442. O abordare promi\u021b\u0103toare sunt bateriile \u00een stare solid\u0103, care utilizeaz\u0103 electroli\u021bi solizi \u00een loc de electroli\u021bi lichizi. Bateriile \u00een stare solid\u0103 nu sunt combustibile \u0219i au o durat\u0103 de via\u021b\u0103 mai lung\u0103 dec\u00e2t bateriile litiu-ion.<\/p>\n\n

Concluzie<\/h2>\n\n

Dezvoltarea bateriei litiu-ion este o dovad\u0103 a puterii cercet\u0103rii \u0219tiin\u021bifice de a transforma lumea. Aceast\u0103 tehnologie a permis dezvoltarea de noi industrii \u0219i aplica\u021bii \u0219i continu\u0103 s\u0103 joace un rol vital \u00een tranzi\u021bia c\u0103tre un viitor mai sustenabil.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bateriile Li-ion: transform\u0103 lumea modern\u0103 Introducere Premiul Nobel pentru chimie este un premiu prestigios care recunoa\u0219te contribu\u021biile inovatoare din domeniu. Anul acesta, premiul a fost acordat a trei oameni de…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[121],"tags":[20004,218,535,20005,7828],"class_list":["post-14976","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-energy","tag-lithium-ion-batteries","tag-chemistry","tag-nobel-prize","tag-energy-storage","tag-battery-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14976","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14976"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14976\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14977,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14976\/revisions\/14977"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14976"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14976"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14976"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}