{"id":16705,"date":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","date_gmt":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16705"},"modified":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","modified_gmt":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","slug":"volcanic-eruption-napoleons-waterloo-defeat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/science\/history-of-science\/volcanic-eruption-napoleons-waterloo-defeat\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00cenfr\u00e2ngerea lui Napoleon la Waterloo: o leg\u0103tur\u0103 vulcanic\u0103?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cenfr\u00e2ngerea lui Napoleon la Waterloo: o leg\u0103tur\u0103 vulcanic\u0103?<\/h2>\n\n

B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Waterloo<\/h2>\n\n

Pe 18 iunie 1815, B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Waterloo a avut loc \u00een Belgia, marc\u00e2nd un moment crucial \u00een istoria european\u0103. B\u0103t\u0103lia a opus armata francez\u0103 condus\u0103 de Napoleon Bonaparte \u00eempotriva unei coali\u021bii de for\u021be britanice, prusace \u0219i olandeze. \u00cenfr\u00e2ngerea lui Napoleon la Waterloo a pus cap\u0103t efectiv domniei sale \u0219i a inaugurat o nou\u0103 er\u0103 a politicii europene.<\/p>\n\n

Ploaia nea\u0219teptat\u0103 \u0219i \u00eent\u00e2rzierea lui Napoleon<\/h2>\n\n

\u00cen noaptea dinaintea b\u0103t\u0103liei, ploi toren\u021biale au udat c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103. Unii istorici consider\u0103 c\u0103 Napoleon \u0219i-a am\u00e2nat \u00eenaintarea p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd terenul s-a uscat, de team\u0103 c\u0103 noroiul va \u00eempiedica solda\u021bii \u0219i artileria sa. Aceast\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2rziere s-a dovedit a fi fatal\u0103, deoarece le-a dat for\u021belor adverse timp s\u0103 se uneasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 lanseze un atac devastator.<\/p>\n\n

O erup\u021bie vulcanic\u0103 \u00een Indonezia<\/h2>\n\n

Un nou studiu sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 vremea nefavorabil\u0103 care ar fi putut contribui la \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea lui Napoleon a provenit de la o erup\u021bie vulcanic\u0103 aflat\u0103 la mii de kilometri distan\u021b\u0103. \u00cen aprilie 1815, Muntele Tambora de pe insula indonezian\u0103 Sumbawa a erupt violent, eliber\u00e2nd cantit\u0103\u021bi uria\u0219e de cenu\u0219\u0103 \u0219i resturi \u00een atmosfer\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

Cenusa vulcanic\u0103 \u00een ionosfer\u0103<\/h2>\n\n

\u00cen mod tradi\u021bional, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 credeau c\u0103 panourile de fum vulcanice puteau ajunge doar \u00een stratosfer\u0103, care se afl\u0103 la aproximativ 31 de mile deasupra suprafe\u021bei P\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Cu toate acestea, cercet\u0103ri recente efectuate de Matthew J. Genge, un om de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 specializat \u00een \u0219tiin\u021ba P\u0103m\u00e2ntului la Imperial College London, indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 cenu\u0219a vulcanic\u0103 poate fi ejectat\u0103 mult mai sus, ajung\u00e2nd \u00een ionosfer\u0103, care se \u00eentinde de la 50 la 600 de mile deasupra P\u0103m\u00e2ntului.<\/p>\n\n

For\u021be electrostatice \u0219i formarea norilor<\/h2>\n\n

Studiul lui Genge dezv\u0103luie c\u0103 for\u021bele electrostatice pot propulsa cenu\u0219a vulcanic\u0103 \u00een ionosfer\u0103. C\u00e2nd particulele de cenu\u0219\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcate electric ajung \u00een ionosfer\u0103, acestea pot perturba clima, atr\u0103g\u00e2nd vapori de ap\u0103 \u0219i provoc\u00e2nd formarea norilor.<\/p>\n\n

Impactul Tamborei asupra Europei<\/h2>\n\n

Erup\u021bia Tamborei a eliberat aerosoli de sulfat \u00een atmosfer\u0103, care s-au r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit treptat \u00een emisfera nordic\u0103. \u00cen timp ce efectele complete ale erup\u021biei nu au fost resim\u021bite p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1816, cunoscut sub numele de \u201eanul f\u0103r\u0103 var\u0103\u201d, este posibil ca particulele de cenu\u0219\u0103 de la erup\u021bie s\u0103 fi influen\u021bat deja forma\u021biunile de nori \u0219i modelele meteorologice din Europa \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu iunie 1815.<\/p>\n\n

\u00cenregistr\u0103rile meteorologice britanice<\/h2>\n\n

\u00cenregistr\u0103rile meteorologice britanice din 1815 indic\u0103 faptul c\u0103 vara acelui an a fost neobi\u0219nuit de ploioas\u0103. Genge sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 aceste precipita\u021bii crescute ar fi putut fi legate de erup\u021bia Tamborei \u0219i de prezen\u021ba cenu\u0219ii vulcanice \u00een ionosfer\u0103.<\/p>\n\n

Erup\u021bia Krakatau \u0219i norii lumino\u0219i<\/h2>\n\n

Un alt vulcan indonezian, Krakatau, a erupt \u00een august 1883. La scurt timp dup\u0103 erup\u021bie, observatorii din Anglia au asistat la apari\u021bia unor nori stranii \u0219i lumino\u0219i, sus \u00een atmosfer\u0103. Ace\u0219ti nori, cunoscu\u021bi sub numele de nori polari mezosferici, se formeaz\u0103 de obicei la p\u00e2n\u0103 la 53 de mile deasupra suprafe\u021bei P\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Prezen\u021ba lor la scurt timp dup\u0103 erup\u021bia Krakatau sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 cenu\u0219a vulcanic\u0103 poate ajunge \u00eentr-adev\u0103r \u00een atmosfera superioar\u0103 \u0219i poate afecta forma\u021biunile de nori.<\/p>\n\n

\u00cenfr\u00e2ngerea lui Napoleon: un puzzle complex<\/h2>\n\n

De\u0219i erup\u021bia Tamborei ar fi putut contribui la vremea nefavorabil\u0103 de la Waterloo, este important de men\u021bionat c\u0103 rezultatul b\u0103t\u0103liei a fost influen\u021bat de o multitudine de factori. Ambele p\u0103r\u021bi s-au confruntat cu acelea\u0219i condi\u021bii meteorologice, iar deciziile strategice au jucat un rol crucial \u00een rezultatul final.<\/p>\n\n

Teoria lui Genge: o nou\u0103 perspectiv\u0103<\/h2>\n\n

Cercet\u0103rile lui Genge ofer\u0103 o nou\u0103 perspectiv\u0103 asupra impactului poten\u021bial al erup\u021biilor vulcanice asupra modelelor meteorologice. Demonstr\u00e2nd c\u0103 cenu\u0219a vulcanic\u0103 poate c\u0103l\u0103tori mai sus dec\u00e2t se credea anterior, munca sa deschide noi c\u0103i pentru \u00een\u021belegerea rela\u021biei complexe dintre clim\u0103 \u0219i activitatea vulcanic\u0103.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cenfr\u00e2ngerea lui Napoleon la Waterloo: o leg\u0103tur\u0103 vulcanic\u0103? B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Waterloo Pe 18 iunie 1815, B\u0103t\u0103lia de la Waterloo a avut loc \u00een Belgia, marc\u00e2nd un moment crucial \u00een…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[99,17384,27,7431,97,1265,22102],"class_list":["post-16705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-lifescienceart","tag-climate","tag-history","tag-napoleon","tag-science","tag-volcano","tag-waterloo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16705"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16706,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705\/revisions\/16706"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16705"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16705"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16705"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}