George Pullman \u0219i-a \u00eenceput cariera \u00een industria construc\u021biilor, ridic\u00e2nd \u0219i mut\u00e2nd cl\u0103diri \u00een Chicago. A fost un om de afaceri iste\u021b, cu o privire ager\u0103 pentru inova\u021bie, \u0219i a recunoscut rapid poten\u021bialul industriei feroviare.<\/p>\n\n
\u00cenainte de R\u0103zboiul Civil, c\u0103ile ferate deveniser\u0103 modul dominant de transport, iar Pullman a v\u0103zut o oportunitate de a oferi o experien\u021b\u0103 de c\u0103l\u0103torie mai confortabil\u0103 \u0219i mai luxoas\u0103. A proiectat \u0219i construit primele vagoane de dormit de \u00eenalt\u0103 calitate, care au c\u00e2\u0219tigat rapid popularitate at\u00e2t \u00een r\u00e2ndul c\u0103l\u0103torilor de afaceri, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een r\u00e2ndul boga\u021bilor.<\/p>\n\n
Prin achizi\u021bii \u0219i fuziuni, compania lui Pullman a c\u00e2\u0219tigat monopolul asupra industriei vagoanelor de dormit. Pullman Car Company a devenit sinonim\u0103 cu calitatea \u0219i clasa, dar succesul lui Pullman a venit cu un pre\u021b. Le pl\u0103tea hamaliilor s\u0103i afro-americani salarii de mizerie \u0219i le impunea reguli stricte angaja\u021bilor s\u0103i \u00een ora\u0219ul model pe care l-a construit pentru ei.<\/p>\n\n
\u00cen 1893, o panic\u0103 financiar\u0103 a cufundat na\u021biunea \u00eentr-o depresie profund\u0103. Pullman a r\u0103spuns prin concedierea muncitorilor \u0219i reducerea salariilor, dar a refuzat s\u0103 scad\u0103 chiriile \u00een ora\u0219ul s\u0103u model. S\u0103tui de exploatarea companiei, angaja\u021bii lui Pullman au intrat \u00een grev\u0103 \u00een 1894.<\/p>\n\n
Greva Pullman a fost organizat\u0103 de Uniunea American\u0103 a C\u0103ilor Ferate (ARU), o organiza\u021bie sindical\u0103 masiv\u0103 fondat\u0103 de Eugene V. Debs. ARU a votat s\u0103 boicoteze vagoanele Pullman p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd greva va fi solu\u021bionat\u0103, \u00eenchiz\u00e2nd multe dintre liniile feroviare ale na\u021biunii \u0219i provoc\u00e2nd o criz\u0103 na\u021bional\u0103.<\/p>\n\n
Greva Pullman a devenit un test major al rolului guvernului federal \u00een disputele de munc\u0103. Corpora\u021biile feroviare \u0219i alia\u021bii lor au \u00eendemnat guvernul s\u0103 intervin\u0103, iar procurorul general Richard Olney a declarat c\u0103 \u021bara a ajuns la \u201emarginea anarhiei\u201d. Pre\u0219edintele Grover Cleveland a trimis trupe federale la Chicago pentru a \u00een\u0103bu\u0219i greva.<\/p>\n\n
Greva Pullman a fost \u00een cele din urm\u0103 \u00eenfr\u00e2nt\u0103, dar a avut un impact profund asupra mi\u0219c\u0103rii sindicale americane \u0219i asupra peisajului politic al na\u021biunii. A dus la declinul ARU \u0219i la ascensiunea socialismului ca o for\u021b\u0103 \u00een politica american\u0103.<\/p>\n\n
Reputa\u021bia lui George Pullman nu \u0219i-a revenit niciodat\u0103 complet dup\u0103 greva Pullman. Era v\u0103zut ca un simbol al l\u0103comiei corporative \u0219i al indiferen\u021bei fa\u021b\u0103 de situa\u021bia dificil\u0103 a muncitorilor s\u0103i. Pullman a murit \u00een 1897, iar trupul s\u0103u a fost \u00eenchis \u00een beton armat de teama profan\u0103rii.<\/p>\n\n
Greva Pullman a fost un moment de cotitur\u0103 \u00een istoria american\u0103. A expus diviziunile profunde dintre munc\u0103 \u0219i capital \u00een Epoca Aurit\u0103 \u0219i a subliniat necesitatea reglement\u0103rii guvernamentale a industriei feroviare. De asemenea, greva a contribuit la cre\u0219terea gradului de con\u0219tientizare a situa\u021biei dificile a muncitorilor afro-americani \u0219i a importan\u021bei sindicatelor.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
George Pullman: Ascensiunea \u0219i dec\u0103derea regelui vagoanelor de dormit Via\u021ba timpurie \u0219i cariera George Pullman \u0219i-a \u00eenceput cariera \u00een industria construc\u021biilor, ridic\u00e2nd \u0219i mut\u00e2nd cl\u0103diri \u00een Chicago. A fost un…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24877,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2413,22604,4015,19,22606,17452,22605],"class_list":["post-17121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-gilded-age","tag-george-pullman","tag-industrial-revolution","tag-american-history","tag-railroad-industry","tag-labor-unions","tag-sleeping-cars"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17121"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24878,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121\/revisions\/24878"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24877"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17121"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}