{"id":5981,"date":"2024-08-24T18:52:03","date_gmt":"2024-08-24T18:52:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=5981"},"modified":"2024-08-24T18:52:03","modified_gmt":"2024-08-24T18:52:03","slug":"growing-and-caring-for-hazelnut-trees","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/science\/agriculture\/growing-and-caring-for-hazelnut-trees\/","title":{"rendered":"Aluni: Ghid de plantare \u0219i \u00eengrijire"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cultivarea \u0219i \u00eengrijirea alunilor<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introducere<\/h2>\n\n<p>Alunii (Corylus avellana), cunoscu\u021bi \u0219i sub numele de alun, sunt arbori sau arbu\u0219ti mici \u0219i atr\u0103g\u0103tori, care produc nuci delicioase. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 valoarea lor culinar\u0103, alunele sunt apreciate \u0219i pentru atractivitatea lor ornamental\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Plantare<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>C\u00e2nd s\u0103 planta\u021bi:<\/strong> Planta\u021bi alunii \u00een perioada lor de repaus, de preferin\u021b\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul iernii sau \u00eenceputul prim\u0103verii.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Alegerea unui loc de plantare:<\/strong> Alege\u021bi un loc care prime\u0219te cel pu\u021bin 8 ore de lumin\u0103 solar\u0103 pe zi. Solul trebuie s\u0103 fie bogat, bine drenat \u0219i u\u0219or acid (pH 6,3-6,8).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spa\u021biere, ad\u00e2ncime \u0219i suport:<\/strong> Amplasa\u021bi copacii la o distan\u021b\u0103 de 15 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 18 picioare unul de altul. S\u0103pa\u021bi o groap\u0103 suficient de lat\u0103 \u0219i de ad\u00e2nc\u0103 pentru a g\u0103zdui sistemul radicular \u00een form\u0103 de J. Pune\u021bi o cantitate mic\u0103 de sol \u00een groap\u0103 \u0219i \u00eentinde\u021bi r\u0103d\u0103cinile. Acoperi\u021bi r\u0103d\u0103cina superioar\u0103 cu 2 p\u00e2n\u0103 la 3 inci de sol. Tasa\u021bi solul \u0219i uda\u021bi abundent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00cengrijire<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lumin\u0103:<\/strong> Pentru o produc\u021bie optim\u0103 de flori \u0219i nuci, amplasa\u021bi alunii \u00eentr-un loc care prime\u0219te soare plin cea mai mare parte a zilei. Ei vor tolera umbra par\u021bial\u0103, dar produc\u021bia de flori va sc\u0103dea.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sol:<\/strong> Alunii sunt adaptabili la diferite tipuri de sol, dar prefer\u0103 solurile lutoase nisipoase bine drenate. Evita\u021bi solurile dens compactate, argilele sau solurile st\u00e2ncoase.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ap\u0103:<\/strong> Uda\u021bi alunii \u00een mod regulat, mai ales \u00een perioadele secetoase. Copacii maturi necesit\u0103 aproximativ 10 galoane de ap\u0103 pentru fiecare inch de diametru al trunchiului \u00een fiecare s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temperatur\u0103 \u0219i umiditate:<\/strong> Alunii prosper\u0103 \u00een climate temperate (zonele USDA 4-8). Ei nu tolereaz\u0103 frigul extrem, c\u0103ldura sau umiditatea ridicat\u0103.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00cengr\u0103\u0219\u0103m\u00e2nt:<\/strong> Pentru cele mai bune rezultate, fertiliza\u021bi alunii toamna cu un \u00eengr\u0103\u0219\u0103m\u00e2nt organic cu eliberare lent\u0103 pentru pomi fructiferi. Urma\u021bi instruc\u021biunile de pe eticheta produsului pentru ratele de aplicare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polenizare<\/h2>\n\n<p>Dac\u0103 inten\u021biona\u021bi s\u0103 cultiva\u021bi aluni europeni pentru nucile lor, ave\u021bi nevoie de cel pu\u021bin dou\u0103 soiuri diferite de Corylus avellana pentru a asigura polenizarea \u00eencruci\u0219at\u0103. Soiurile populare includ \u201eJefferson\u201d, \u201eMcDonald\u201d, \u201ePollyO\u201d, \u201eWepster\u201d \u0219i \u201eYamhill\u201d. Cataloagele pepinierelor indic\u0103 de obicei care soiuri se polenizeaz\u0103 cel mai bine \u00eentre ele.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recoltare<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nuci coapte:<\/strong> Nucile coapte cad singure de-a lungul c\u00e2torva s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Colectarea nucilor:<\/strong> Colecta\u021bi nucile \u00een mod regulat \u00eenainte ca animalele s\u0103lbatice s\u0103 le adune. Alternativ, a\u0219eza\u021bi o prelat\u0103 sau un cear\u0219af vechi sub tufi\u0219ul de alun \u0219i scutura\u021bi-l u\u0219or pentru a desprinde nucile.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cre\u0219tere \u00een ghivece<\/h2>\n\n<p>Datorit\u0103 sistemului lor radicular extins, alunii nu sunt potrivi\u021bi pentru gr\u0103din\u0103ritul \u00een containere.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u0103iere<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>L\u0103stari:<\/strong> T\u0103ia\u021bi l\u0103starii pe care \u00eei dezvolt\u0103 to\u021bi alunii. \u00cenl\u0103tura\u021bi to\u021bi l\u0103starii care interfereaz\u0103 cu ramurile principale.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ramuri laterale:<\/strong> Evita\u021bi \u00eendep\u0103rtarea ramurilor laterale care protejeaz\u0103 trunchiul de expunerea la soare. T\u0103ierea excesiv\u0103 poate duce la o cre\u0219tere prolific\u0103 a l\u0103starilor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Propagare<\/h2>\n\n<p>Alunii sunt de obicei propaga\u021bi prin marcotaj sau altoire, tehnici cel mai bine l\u0103sate profesioni\u0219tilor din pepiniere. Cultivarea lor din s\u0103m\u00e2n\u021b\u0103 nu este recomandat\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Iernare<\/h2>\n\n<p>Alunii europeni pot supravie\u021bui ierni la fel de sc\u0103zute ca zona 4. Cu toate acestea, ei \u00eenfloresc mai devreme dec\u00e2t omologii lor americani, a\u0219a c\u0103 pot fi deteriora\u021bi de vremea neobi\u0219nuit de rece de la \u00eenceputul prim\u0103verii. Selecta\u021bi soiuri care sunt rezistente pentru zona dvs. geografic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u0103un\u0103tori \u0219i boli comune<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Arsura oriental\u0103 a alunului (EFB):<\/strong> Aceast\u0103 ciuperc\u0103 provoac\u0103 r\u0103ni \u0219i ucide copacul \u00een c\u00e2\u021biva ani. Selecta\u021bi soiuri care au fost cultivate pentru rezisten\u021b\u0103.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u0103un\u0103tori:<\/strong> D\u0103un\u0103torii care pot afecta alunii includ insectele solz \u0219i g\u00e2ndacii japonezi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00centreb\u0103ri frecvente<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>C\u00e2t timp dureaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd un alun d\u0103 roade?<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Dureaz\u0103 aproximativ patru ani p\u00e2n\u0103 la prima recolt\u0103 u\u0219oar\u0103. \u00cencep\u00e2nd cu anii \u0219ase \u0219i \u0219apte, pute\u021bi a\u0219tepta un randament mai mare.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li><strong>Pot planta doar un alun?<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Dac\u0103 sunte\u021bi interesat doar de valoarea ornamental\u0103 a alunilor, un exemplar este suficient. Pentru produc\u021bia de nuci, ave\u021bi nevoie de dou\u0103 sau mai multe soiuri care se polenizeaz\u0103 \u00eencruci\u0219at.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li><strong>Exist\u0103 diferite tipuri de alune?<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Exist\u0103 mai multe tipuri de alune. Cele mai semnificative tipuri pentru produc\u021bia de nuci \u00een America de Nord sunt alunele europene, alunele americane (Corylus americana) \u0219i alunele cu cioc (Corylus cornuta).<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cultivarea \u0219i \u00eengrijirea alunilor Introducere Alunii (Corylus avellana), cunoscu\u021bi \u0219i sub numele de alun, sunt arbori sau arbu\u0219ti mici \u0219i atr\u0103g\u0103tori, care produc nuci delicioase. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 valoarea lor culinar\u0103,&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24131,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1196],"tags":[8848,10347,9177,10348],"class_list":["post-5981","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","tag-gardening","tag-hazelnut-tree","tag-tree-care","tag-nut-production"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5981","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5981"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5981\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24132,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5981\/revisions\/24132"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24131"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5981"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5981"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5981"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}