{"id":11431,"date":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","date_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11431"},"modified":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","slug":"herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/science\/history-of-science\/herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker\/","title":{"rendered":"Herbert Spencer: Tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 Viktorya D\u00f6nemi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Kal\u0131c\u0131 Miras\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: Tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 Viktorya D\u00f6nemi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc<\/h2>\n\n

Erken Ya\u015fam ve Etkileri<\/h2>\n\n

1820 do\u011fumlu Herbert Spencer, bilim ve felsefeye \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunan, kendi kendini yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f bir Viktorya d\u00f6nemi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcyd\u00fc. Felsefi yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla itibar kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde bir demiryolu m\u00fchendisi ve gazeteci olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Evrim ve “En Uygunlar\u0131n Hayatta Kalmas\u0131”<\/h2>\n\n

Darwin’in \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an eseri “T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni”nden \u00f6nce evrim \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda Spencer, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00fcnl\u00fc olan “en uygunlar\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131” ifadesini ortaya att\u0131. Evrimsel ilkeleri insan toplumuna uygulayarak rekabetin ve do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve en uygun bireylerin ve toplumlar\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savundu.<\/p>\n\n

Sosyal Darwinizm<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer’\u0131n fikirleri daha sonra, zenginlerin ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerin ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 hak ettikleri, fakirlerin ve d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ise ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hak ettikleri inanc\u0131 olan sosyal Darwinizm’i me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Spencer’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n bu yorumu, fikirlerinin yanl\u0131\u015f uygulanmas\u0131 olarak yayg\u0131n olarak ele\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n\n

Karma\u015f\u0131k Bir Miras<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer’\u0131n evrim konusundaki erken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 olsa da, bundan eksiksiz bir felsefe \u00e7\u0131karma giri\u015fimleri \u015f\u00fcphecilikle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Ele\u015ftirmenler, ahlak\u0131 do\u011fal yasalardan t\u00fcretmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak “naturalist yan\u0131lg\u0131” yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ettiler.<\/p>\n\n

Son Yeniden De\u011ferlendirmeler<\/h2>\n\n

Son y\u0131llarda akademisyenler Spencer’\u0131n itibar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Onun genellikle tasvir edildi\u011fi kadar duygusuz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, fedakarl\u0131\u011fa, sempatiye ve pasifizme olan inanc\u0131n\u0131 vurgulayarak savundular. Spencer ayn\u0131 zamanda kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 savundu ve zaman\u0131na g\u00f6re cinsiyet e\u015fitli\u011fi konusunda ilerici g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sahipti.<\/p>\n\n

Modern D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye Etkisi<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer’\u0131n fikirleri modern liberalizm ve sosyal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00fczerinde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yaratt\u0131. Bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve serbest piyasalara verdi\u011fi \u00f6nem, liberter ve muhafazakar ideolojileri etkilemi\u015ftir. Steven Pinker ve E.O. Wilson gibi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f evrimsel psikologlar, etkisini tam olarak kabul etmeseler de Spencer’\u0131n fikirlerine bor\u00e7lu olabilirler.<\/p>\n\n

Ki\u015fisel Ya\u015fam ve Miras<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer hi\u00e7 evlenmedi ve sonraki y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131, kamuoyundaki imaj\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak g\u00f6receli bir izolasyon i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7irdi. Erken d\u00f6nemlerdeki \u015f\u00f6hretine ra\u011fmen, bilim ve felsefe ilerledik\u00e7e itibar\u0131 azald\u0131. 1903’te \u00f6ld\u00fc ve Highgate Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131’ndaki mezar\u0131, fikirlerine \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Karl Marx’\u0131n mezar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n

Spencer’\u0131n S\u00fcrekli Etkisi<\/h2>\n\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen tart\u0131\u015fmalara ra\u011fmen Spencer, bilim ve felsefe tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir fig\u00fcr olmaya devam ediyor. Evrimsel ilkelere dayanan kapsaml\u0131 bir d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc vizyonu, belirli fikirleri zamanla sorgulan\u0131p d\u00fczeltilmi\u015f olsa bile kal\u0131c\u0131 bir miras b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: Tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 Viktorya D\u00f6nemi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Erken Ya\u015fam ve Etkileri 1820 do\u011fumlu Herbert Spencer, bilim ve felsefeye \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunan, kendi kendini yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f bir Viktorya d\u00f6nemi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcyd\u00fc. Felsefi yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla itibar…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23930,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[35,2546,136,98,15480,15481,1900],"class_list":["post-11431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-science-history","tag-natural-selection","tag-evolution","tag-philosophy","tag-herbert-spencer","tag-social-darwinism","tag-victorian-era"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11431"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11432,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions\/11432"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}