{"id":12789,"date":"2021-03-15T12:40:04","date_gmt":"2021-03-15T12:40:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=12789"},"modified":"2021-03-15T12:40:04","modified_gmt":"2021-03-15T12:40:04","slug":"the-deadly-feather-trade-how-two-women-saved-americas-birds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/science\/biology\/the-deadly-feather-trade-how-two-women-saved-americas-birds\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl T\u00fcy Ticareti: \u0130ki Kad\u0131n Amerika’n\u0131n Ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Nas\u0131l Kurtard\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl T\u00fcy Ticareti: \u0130ki Kad\u0131n Amerika’n\u0131n Ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Nas\u0131l Kurtard\u0131<\/h2>\n\n

T\u00fcy Ticareti: Modan\u0131n Zalim Y\u00fcz\u00fc<\/h2>\n\n
    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, t\u00fcyl\u00fc \u015fapkalara olan talep, ku\u015f t\u00fcylerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir ticarete yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Avc\u0131lar, eri\u015fkin ku\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp t\u00fcylerini yolarken, yavru ku\u015flar a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmeye veya kargalar taraf\u0131ndan yenilmeye terk ediliyordu. T\u00fcy ticaretinin arkas\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck itici g\u00fc\u00e7, her y\u0131l y\u00fczbinlerce ku\u015fun t\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc t\u00fcketen New York ve Londra’daki \u015fapkac\u0131l\u0131k merkezleriydi. Beyaz t\u00fcyl\u00fc bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131llar t\u00fcyleri \u00f6zellikle hedef al\u0131n\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    Harriet Hemenway ve Minna Hall: Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri<\/h2>\n\n

    1896’da, Boston’lu iki sosyetik kad\u0131n Harriet Hemenway ve kuzeni Minna Hall, t\u00fcy ticaretine kar\u015f\u0131 bir isyan ba\u015flatt\u0131. Tutkulu bir amat\u00f6r do\u011fa bilimci olan Hemenway, ku\u015flar\u0131n katledilmesinden deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Hall’un yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 istedi ve birlikte, arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcyl\u00fc \u015fapka takmay\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 bir dizi \u00e7ay partisi d\u00fczenlediler.<\/p>\n\n

    Audubon Derne\u011fi’nin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/h2>\n\n

    Hemenway ve Hall’un boykotu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Massachusetts Audubon Derne\u011fi’ni kurdular. Bir d\u00fczineden fazla eyalette Audubon dernekleri kuruldu ve federasyonlar\u0131 sonunda Ulusal Audubon Derne\u011fi ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Audubon Derne\u011fi, ku\u015flar\u0131 koruma yasalar\u0131n\u0131n lobisinde kilit bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

    Tarihi Yasalar: Lacey Yasas\u0131 ve Weeks-McLean Yasas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n

    1900 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kongre, eyalet yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal ederek yakalanan ku\u015flar\u0131n eyalet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 boyunca ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan Lacey Yasas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Ancak yasa yeterince uygulanmad\u0131 ve t\u00fcy ticareti geli\u015fmeye devam etti.<\/p>\n\n

    1913’te, Massachusetts Temsilcisi John Weeks ve Connecticut Senat\u00f6r\u00fc George McLean taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Weeks-McLean Yasas\u0131, t\u00fcy ticaretine fiilen son verdi. Yasa, ticari avlanmay\u0131 ve ku\u015flar\u0131n eyaletler aras\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

    1918 G\u00f6\u00e7men Ku\u015flar Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Yasas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n

    Weeks-McLean Yasas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir dizi sonu\u00e7suz mahkeme itiraz\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme 1918 G\u00f6\u00e7men Ku\u015flar Antla\u015fmas\u0131 Yasas\u0131n\u0131 onaylad\u0131. Bu tarihi mevzuat, ku\u015flar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131n “ulusal \u00e7\u0131kar” oldu\u011funu ilan etti ve federal h\u00fck\u00fcmete g\u00f6\u00e7men ku\u015flar\u0131n avlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleme yetkisi verdi.<\/p>\n\n

    Hemenway ve Hall’un Miras\u0131<\/h2>\n\n

    Harriet Hemenway ve Minna Hall’un \u00e7abalar\u0131, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde ku\u015flar\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. T\u00fcy ticaretini boykot etmeleri, moda end\u00fcstrisinin ku\u015f pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri konusunda fark\u0131ndal\u0131k yaratt\u0131. Kurduklar\u0131 Audubon Derne\u011fi, bug\u00fcn hala ku\u015flar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen savunucular\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n\n

    Ku\u015flar\u0131n Korunmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nemi<\/h2>\n\n

    Ku\u015flar ekosistemde hayati bir rol oynarlar. Bitkileri d\u00f6ller, tohumlar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r ve zararl\u0131lar\u0131 kontrol ederler. Ku\u015f pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131, t\u00fcm besin zincirinde domino etkisine neden olabilir.<\/p>\n\n

      \n
    1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki koruma \u00e7abalar\u0131, bir\u00e7ok ku\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn neslinin t\u00fckenmesini \u00f6nlemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Ancak ku\u015flar, habitat kayb\u0131, kirlilik ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi gibi tehditlerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Ku\u015flar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek ve bu muhte\u015fem canl\u0131lar\u0131n hayatta kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak her zamankinden daha \u00f6nemlidir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl T\u00fcy Ticareti: \u0130ki Kad\u0131n Amerika’n\u0131n Ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 Nas\u0131l Kurtard\u0131 T\u00fcy Ticareti: Modan\u0131n Zalim Y\u00fcz\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, t\u00fcyl\u00fc \u015fapkalara olan talep, ku\u015f t\u00fcylerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir ticarete yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Avc\u0131lar, eri\u015fkin ku\u015flar\u0131…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[288],"tags":[267,17281,4304,1896,17282,17280,17283,17284,1898],"class_list":["post-12789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","tag-environmentalism","tag-harriet-hemenway","tag-women-in-science","tag-bird-conservation","tag-minna-hall","tag-fashion-and-sustainability","tag-national-audubon-society","tag-plume-trade","tag-wildlife-protection"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12789"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12790,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12789\/revisions\/12790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}