Bat\u0131 \u0130rlanda’da orta\u00e7a\u011f ta\u015f bir kaleyi kazan arkeologlar \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bir ke\u015fifte bulundular – \u00fclkede \u015fimdiye kadar bulunan en eski m\u00fcrekkep kalemi. \u0130\u00e7i bo\u015f bir kemik namludan ve bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 bir u\u00e7tan (u\u00e7) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131 aleti, County Clare’deki Caherconnell Cashel’de 11. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait bir tortu katman\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n
Ke\u015fif \u00f6nemlidir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130rlanda’daki okuryazarl\u0131k genellikle Hristiyan kilisesiyle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte, kalem laik bir ortamda bulundu ve bunun okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha \u00f6nce d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha yayg\u0131n olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n
Kalemin yap\u0131s\u0131, orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupa’s\u0131nda okuryazar ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan t\u00fcy kalemlerinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Tarih\u00e7i ve hat sanat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Tim O’Neill, bir sayfay\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evelemek i\u00e7in d\u00fcz \u00e7izgiler \u00e7izmek gibi ince \u00e7izgiler \u00e7izmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n
Kalede bulunan ince i\u015f\u00e7ilik, metal i\u015fleme, oyunlar ve m\u00fczik gibi di\u011fer ke\u015fifler, kalemin laik ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 teorisini destekliyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bunun aile soyunu ve ticaret i\u015flemlerini kaydetmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fine inan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n
Eser, Britanya Adalar\u0131’nda bulunan kompozit bir kalemin en eski tamamlanm\u0131\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fi olsa da, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar hem daha eski hem de daha yeni ilgili tasar\u0131mlara sahiptir. Britanya’n\u0131n Roma i\u015fgali s\u0131ras\u0131nda insanlar bazen tamamen bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kalemler kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0130ngiltere’de arkeologlar, hem kemik namlusu olmayan bak\u0131r ala\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 u\u00e7lar hem de tam tersi, tipik olarak 13. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda tarihlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n
Eserin ger\u00e7ekten yaz\u0131 yazmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in Blueaxe Reproductions’tan arkeolog Adam Parsons bir kopya yapt\u0131. Testler, nesnenin bir dald\u0131rma kalemi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n
Erken orta\u00e7a\u011f \u0130rlanda’s\u0131nda yaz\u0131, manast\u0131r ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n temel bir y\u00f6n\u00fcyd\u00fc. Ak\u0131l hocalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 kopyalayarak e\u011fitilen yaz\u0131c\u0131lar, metal bir kalemle balmumu tabletlere s\u00f6zler yaz\u0131yorlard\u0131. Sonunda yaz\u0131c\u0131lar, mevcut dini metinleri kopyalamak veya kendi metinlerini yazmak i\u00e7in t\u00fcy kalemler kullanarak ka\u011f\u0131t ve par\u015f\u00f6mene ge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n\n
Caherconnell Cashel, \u0130rlanda’n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca Burren olarak bilinen bir b\u00f6lgenin par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Sit alan\u0131ndaki kaz\u0131lar, yaln\u0131zca orta\u00e7a\u011f yerle\u015fiminin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Neolitik d\u00f6neme kadar uzanan eserleri de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bu ke\u015fifler, Vikingler ve Anglo-Normanlar gibi m\u00fcdahaleci gruplardan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenmeyen \u0130rlanda’n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ya\u015fam\u0131n geli\u015fimine dair de\u011ferli bilgiler sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n
Arkeology Ireland dergisi, kalemin ke\u015ffinin tam bir anlat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 2021 k\u0131\u015f say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Caherconnell Cashel’in eserini ve yerini incelemeye devam ederek, 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130rlanda’s\u0131ndaki \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede ileri okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha fazla kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 umuyorlar.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Orta\u00e7a\u011f M\u00fcrekkep Kalemi Ke\u015ffi, \u0130rlanda’da \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 Okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131yor \u0130rlanda’da Bilinen En Eski M\u00fcrekkep Kaleminin Ke\u015ffi Bat\u0131 \u0130rlanda’da orta\u00e7a\u011f ta\u015f bir kaleyi kazan arkeologlar \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bir ke\u015fifte bulundular –…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[767],"tags":[88,3051,1701,1026,873],"class_list":["post-1363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history","tag-archaeology","tag-irish-heritage","tag-literacy","tag-medieval-history","tag-writing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1363"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1364,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363\/revisions\/1364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}