{"id":1377,"date":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=1377"},"modified":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","modified_gmt":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","slug":"alcoholism-in-post-revolution-america-the-legacy-of-benjamin-rush","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/science\/medicine\/alcoholism-in-post-revolution-america-the-legacy-of-benjamin-rush\/","title":{"rendered":"Amerika’da Alkolizmin Karma\u015f\u0131k Tarihi: Devrim Sonras\u0131 D\u00f6nemden G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze"},"content":{"rendered":"

Amerika’da Devrim Sonras\u0131 Alkolizm<\/h2>\n\n

Devrim Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Amerikal\u0131lar deh\u015fet verici miktarlarda alkol t\u00fcketti. Koloniler d\u00f6neminin tercih edilen i\u00e7ecekleri bira ve elma \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n yerini, \u00fclkenin ilk dam\u0131t\u0131mevlerinden \u00e7\u0131kan sert i\u00e7kiler ald\u0131. 1830 y\u0131l\u0131nda, her ki\u015fi y\u0131lda ortalama yedi galondan fazla alkol t\u00fcketiyordu.<\/p>\n\n

Alkol\u00fcn ate\u015fleri \u00f6nledi\u011fi ve sindirime yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in t\u0131bbi faydalar\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Drinking in America<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131n tarih\u00e7isi ve ortak yazar\u0131 Mark Lender’a g\u00f6re, “E\u011fer i\u00e7miyorsan\u0131z, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 tehlikeye at\u0131yorsunuz.”<\/p>\n\n

Benjamin Rush ve Temperance Hareketi<\/h2>\n\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirgesi’nin imzac\u0131lar\u0131ndan ve \u00f6nde gelen bir hekim olan Benjamin Rush, \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen savunucular\u0131ndan biri olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1785 tarihli “Ardent Spirits’in \u0130nsan V\u00fccudu ve Zihni \u00dczerindeki Etkilerine \u0130li\u015fkin Bir Soru\u015fturma” adl\u0131 denemesinde Rush, alkol k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tehlikelerini ana hatlar\u0131yla belirtti.<\/p>\n\n

Rush, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7ki i\u00e7menin ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu t\u0131bbi rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131, su\u00e7 faaliyetlerini ve cezalar\u0131 g\u00f6steren “Ahlaki ve Fiziksel Termometre” yaratt\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yumruk tembelli\u011fe, hastal\u0131\u011fa ve borca yol a\u00e7abilirdi. Cin, brendi ve rom t\u00fcketimi cinayet, delilik ve dara\u011fac\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Rush’\u0131n fikirleri ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u015f\u00fcpheyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131, ancak denemesi bir best-seller oldu. T\u0131p camias\u0131 zamanla kronik sarho\u015flu\u011fu bir hastal\u0131k olarak tan\u0131d\u0131 ve Rush’\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri 1820’lerin \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k hareketini etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n

Temperance Hareketi ve Yasak<\/h2>\n\n

\u0130lk \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k savunucular\u0131, dam\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u00e7kilere kar\u015f\u0131 uyar\u0131rken bira, elma \u015farab\u0131 ve \u015farab\u0131n \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 t\u00fcketimini onaylayarak Rush’\u0131n fikirlerini benimsedi. Ancak, sert i\u00e7kiler ile di\u011fer alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7ecekler aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m, hareketin tamamen alkolden ka\u00e7\u0131nma veya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck i\u00e7in bask\u0131 yapmas\u0131yla zamanla ortadan kalkt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Alkol\u00fcn \u00fcretim, sat\u0131\u015f, ithalat ve nakliyesini yasaklayan Yasak, 1920’de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. 21. De\u011fi\u015fiklik, 1933’te Yasa\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k Kavram\u0131<\/h2>\n\n

Benjamin Rush’\u0131n fikirleri, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin modern anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n temelini att\u0131. Madde ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fine ve maddenin, ki\u015finin davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etti\u011fine inand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Rush’\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir hastal\u0131k olarak tan\u0131mlamas\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tedavi programlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesini ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ciddi bir halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi.<\/p>\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Alkol T\u00fcketimi<\/h2>\n\n

Il\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k hareketinin ve Yasa\u011f\u0131n miras\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde alkol t\u00fcketimine y\u00f6nelik tutumlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u015fekillendirmeye devam ediyor. Alkol geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde mevcut olsa da, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7ki i\u00e7me \u00f6nemli bir sorun olmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n

Ulusal Alkol K\u00f6t\u00fcye Kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve Alkolizm Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’ne g\u00f6re, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde yakla\u015f\u0131k 14,5 milyon yeti\u015fkin alkol kullan\u0131m bozuklu\u011fundan muzdarip. Alkol k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131 karaci\u011fer hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, kalp hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kanser dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7ok say\u0131da sa\u011fl\u0131k sorununa yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n\n

Amerika’daki alkolizmin tarihi karma\u015f\u0131k ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Devrim sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7kiden \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k hareketine ve Yasa\u011fa kadar, alkole y\u00f6nelik tutumlar\u0131m\u0131z zaman i\u00e7inde evrimle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n

Benjamin Rush’\u0131n alkol k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkileri \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin modern anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n temelini att\u0131. Fikirleri, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tedavisini ve \u00f6nleme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcn de etkilemeye devam ediyor.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Amerika’da Devrim Sonras\u0131 Alkolizm Devrim Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Amerikal\u0131lar deh\u015fet verici miktarlarda alkol t\u00fcketti. Koloniler d\u00f6neminin tercih edilen i\u00e7ecekleri bira ve elma \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n yerini, \u00fclkenin ilk dam\u0131t\u0131mevlerinden \u00e7\u0131kan sert i\u00e7kiler ald\u0131.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[359],"tags":[1919,3076,3075,178,3077,1129],"class_list":["post-1377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medicine","tag-alcoholism","tag-history-of-alcohol","tag-benjamin-rush","tag-public-health","tag-temperance-movement","tag-medicine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1377"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1378,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions\/1378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1377"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1377"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1377"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}