2012, eski akrabalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n dikkate de\u011fer \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve uyum kabiliyeti hakk\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan ke\u015fiflerle hominid evrimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir y\u0131l oldu. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 12 ay boyunca ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, hominidlerin yedi milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihinin \u00e7o\u011funda, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli adaptasyonlara sahip \u00e7ok say\u0131da t\u00fcr\u00fcn bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar buldular.<\/p>\n\n
Y\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ke\u015fiflerinden biri, Homo’nun birden fazla t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k iki milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce Afrika’da ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu bulgu, bu d\u00f6nemde yaln\u0131zca bir Homo t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, Homo habilis’in oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden inanc\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir.<\/p>\n\n
A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Kenya’da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, daha \u00f6nce bulunan Homo rudolfensis’in k\u0131smi kafatas\u0131na uyan bir alt \u00e7ene kemi\u011fi bulduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar. Yeni \u00e7ene kemi\u011fi Homo habilis’in \u00e7ene kemikleriyle e\u015fle\u015fmiyor ve bu da iki milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce Afrika’da en az iki Homo t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n
2012’nin bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli ke\u015ffi ise 11.500 ila 14.300 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00c7in’de ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f yeni bir Homo t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcney \u00c7in’deki bir ma\u011farada bulunan fosiller, modern insanlarda veya bilinen di\u011fer Homo sapiens pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir \u00f6zellik kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131na sahiptir. Bu, fosillerin Ge\u00e7 Pleistosen \u00c7a\u011f’da insanlar yan\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f yeni ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f bir Homo t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc temsil edebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n
\u0130nsan evrimindeki bir di\u011fer hararetle tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konu ise, erken hominidlerin yerde dik y\u00fcr\u00fcmek \u00fczere in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olsalar bile hala a\u011fa\u00e7lara t\u0131rman\u0131p t\u0131rmanmad\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. 3,3 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k bir A. afarensis \u00e7ocu\u011funun fosille\u015fmi\u015f k\u00fcrek kemikleri, cevab\u0131n evet oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n
Bilim insanlar\u0131, \u00e7ocu\u011fun omuzlar\u0131n\u0131 yeti\u015fkin A. afarensis \u00f6rneklerinin omuzlar\u0131yla ve ayr\u0131ca modern insanlar\u0131n ve maymunlar\u0131n omuzlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. A. afarensis omzunun, t\u0131rmanma eyleminden etkilenen \u015fempanzelerin omuz b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle benzerlikler g\u00f6steren, \u00e7ocukluk d\u00f6neminde geli\u015fimsel de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini buldular. Bu, en az\u0131ndan gen\u00e7 A. afarensis’in zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 a\u011fa\u00e7larda ge\u00e7irdiklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n
Arkeologlar 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda atma teknolojisiyle ilgili iki \u00f6nemli ke\u015fifte bulundular. G\u00fcney Afrika’daki Kathu Pan 1 b\u00f6lgesinde arkeologlar, hominidlerin bilinen en eski m\u0131zraklar\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 500.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k ta\u015f u\u00e7lar buldular. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 300.000 y\u0131l sonra insanlar m\u0131zrak at\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve hatta yay ve oklar yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n
Pinnacle Point adl\u0131 ba\u015fka bir G\u00fcney Afrika b\u00f6lgesinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, muhtemelen atma silahlar\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ve 71.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlenen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ta\u015f u\u00e7lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. Jeolojik kay\u0131t, erken insanlar\u0131n bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck u\u00e7lar\u0131 binlerce y\u0131l boyunca yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermekte ve bu da karma\u015f\u0131k aletler yapmak i\u00e7in y\u00fczlerce nesil boyunca talimatlar\u0131 aktaracak bili\u015fsel ve dilsel yeteneklere sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n
Modern insan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n zamanlamas\u0131 ve modeli, paleoantropolojide bir di\u011fer yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar modern davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n geli\u015fiminin kademeli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131rken, di\u011ferleri bunun kesintilerle ilerledi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n\n
A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda arkeologlar, G\u00fcney Afrika’n\u0131n Border Ma\u011faras\u0131’nda 44.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k eserlerden olu\u015fan bir koleksiyonu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kararak tart\u0131\u015fmaya yeni kan\u0131tlar sundular. Modern San k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 aletlere benzeyen kemik b\u0131zlar, boncuklar, kazma \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 ve tutturma re\u00e7inesini i\u00e7eren eserler, bu aletleri kullanan ya\u015fayan insanlara ait olan en eski alet tak\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in modern k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn bilinen en eski \u00f6rne\u011fi oldu\u011funu savunuyorlar.<\/p>\n\n
Ate\u015fin k\u00f6kenlerini incelemek zor bir i\u015ftir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hominidlerin yararlanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi do\u011fal yang\u0131nlarla atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten yakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yang\u0131nlar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131rmak genellikle zordur. Ancak Nisan 2012’de ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar hominidlerin ate\u015f yakmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131na dair en “g\u00fcvenli” kan\u0131t\u0131 olu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar: G\u00fcney Afrika’daki bir ma\u011faradan elde edilen bir milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f kemikler ve bitki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131. Yang\u0131n bir ma\u011farada meydana geldi\u011finden, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar hominidlerin yang\u0131n\u0131n en muhtemel nedeni oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n
Neandertallerin ve Homo sapiens’in birbiriyle \u00e7iftle\u015ftikleri, Neandertal DNA’s\u0131n\u0131n insan genomunun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmas\u0131yla iyi bir \u015fekilde kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2012’de bilim insanlar\u0131 bu bulu\u015fmalar\u0131n ne zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini tahmin ettiler: 47.000 ila 65.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce. Bu zamanlama, insanlar\u0131n Afrika’dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Asya ve Avrupa’ya yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen d\u00f6nemle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n
Australopithecus sediba fosilinin di\u015flerine yap\u0131\u015fan yiyecek par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k iki milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k hominidin a\u011fa\u00e7 kabu\u011fu yedi\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 – bu, ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir hominid t\u00fcr\u00fcnde hen\u00fcz bulunamad\u0131. Australopithecus sediba, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcney Afrika’da ke\u015ffedildi ve Homo cinsinin atas\u0131 aday\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n
Laos’ta bir ma\u011farada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim insanlar\u0131, 46.000 ila 63.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlenen fosiller kazd\u0131lar. Kemiklerin g\u00f6zlerin arkas\u0131ndaki kafatas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nleri, kemiklerin Homo sapiens’e ait oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya’daki di\u011fer potansiyel modern insan fosilleri bu buluntudan daha eski olsa da, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Laos’tan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki erken insanlar\u0131n en kesin kan\u0131t\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia ediyorlar.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hominid Evrimi: 2012’nin En \u00d6nemli 10 Ke\u015ffi \u0130nsan Atalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7e\u015fitlili\u011fi 2012, eski akrabalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n dikkate de\u011fer \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve uyum kabiliyeti hakk\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan ke\u015fiflerle hominid evrimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir y\u0131l…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24363,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1327],"tags":[1017,4040,1020,19903,1738,19905,1019,1568,19904],"class_list":["post-14881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-evolution","tag-ancient-dna","tag-fire","tag-denisovans","tag-hominid-evolution","tag-human-origins","tag-modern-culture","tag-neanderthals","tag-paleoanthropology","tag-projectile-weapons"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14881","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14881"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14881\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24364,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14881\/revisions\/24364"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24363"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14881"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14881"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}