18 Haziran 1815’te Bel\u00e7ika’da Waterloo Sava\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve Avrupa tarihinde d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 niteli\u011finde bir an oldu. Sava\u015fta Napolyon Bonapart liderli\u011findeki Frans\u0131z ordusu, \u0130ngiliz, Prusya ve Hollanda kuvvetlerinden olu\u015fan bir koalisyonla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi. Napolyon’un Waterloo’daki yenilgisi, saltanat\u0131n\u0131 fiilen sona erdirdi ve Avrupa siyasetinde yeni bir \u00e7a\u011f ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n
Sava\u015ftan \u00f6nceki gece, \u015fiddetli ya\u011fmurlar sava\u015f alan\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131r\u0131ls\u0131klam etti. Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilere g\u00f6re Napolyon, askerlerinin ve top\u00e7ular\u0131n\u0131n ilerlemesini zorla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131ndan korkarak, toprak kuruyana kadar ilerlemesini geciktirdi. Bu gecikme \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl oldu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lere birle\u015fmeleri ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flatmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in zaman verdi.<\/p>\n\n
Yeni bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Napolyon’un yenilgisine katk\u0131da bulunabilecek k\u00f6t\u00fc hava ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n, binlerce kilometre uzakta meydana gelen bir volkanik patlamadan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Nisan 1815’te Endonezya’n\u0131n Sumbawa adas\u0131ndaki Tambora Da\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddetle patlad\u0131 ve atmosfere muazzam miktarlarda k\u00fcl ve enkaz p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n
Geleneksel olarak, bilim insanlar\u0131 volkanik p\u00fcsk\u00fcrmelerin yaln\u0131zca D\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyinin yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 kilometre yukar\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan stratosfere ula\u015fabilece\u011fine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak, Imperial College London’da bir D\u00fcnya bilimci olan Matthew J. Genge taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen yak\u0131n zamanda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, volkanik k\u00fcl\u00fcn \u00e7ok daha yukar\u0131lara p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclebilece\u011fini ve D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n 80 ila 1.000 kilometre yukar\u0131s\u0131nda uzanan iyonosfere ula\u015fabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n
Genge’nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, elektrostatik kuvvetlerin volkanik k\u00fcl\u00fc iyonosfere itebilece\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. Elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc k\u00fcl par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 iyonosfere ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, su buhar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekerek ve bulut olu\u015fumuna neden olarak iklimi bozabilirler.<\/p>\n\n
Tambora’n\u0131n patlamas\u0131, atmosfere s\u00fclfat aerosolleri sald\u0131 ve bunlar yava\u015f yava\u015f Kuzey Yar\u0131mk\u00fcre’ye yay\u0131ld\u0131. Patlaman\u0131n tam etkileri 1816’da “yazs\u0131z y\u0131l” olarak bilinene kadar hissedilmemi\u015f olsa da, patlamadan kaynaklanan k\u00fcl par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Haziran 1815’te Avrupa’daki bulut olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131 ve hava modellerini etkilemi\u015f olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n
1815’ten kalma \u0130ngiliz hava durumu kay\u0131tlar\u0131, o y\u0131l\u0131n yaz\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k derecede ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Genge, bu ya\u011f\u0131\u015f art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Tambora patlamas\u0131 ve iyonosferde volkanik k\u00fcl\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n
Di\u011fer bir Endonezya yanarda\u011f\u0131 olan Krakatoa, A\u011fustos 1883’te patlad\u0131. Patlamadan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, \u0130ngiltere’deki g\u00f6zlemciler, atmosferin y\u00fckseklerinde garip, \u0131\u015f\u0131yan bulutlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k oldu. Kutup mezosferik bulutlar olarak bilinen bu bulutlar, genellikle D\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyinin 85 kilometre yukar\u0131s\u0131nda olu\u015fur. Krakatoa patlamas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131, volkanik k\u00fcl\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekten atmosferin \u00fcst katmanlar\u0131na ula\u015fabilece\u011fini ve bulut olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyebilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n
Tambora patlamas\u0131 Waterloo’daki k\u00f6t\u00fc hava ko\u015fullar\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f olsa da, sava\u015f\u0131n sonucunun \u00e7ok say\u0131da fakt\u00f6rden etkilendi\u011fini belirtmek \u00f6nemlidir. Her iki taraf da ayn\u0131 hava ko\u015fullar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131 ve stratejik kararlar nihai sonu\u00e7ta \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n
Genge’nin ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, volkanik patlamalar\u0131n hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki potansiyel etkisi hakk\u0131nda yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunuyor. Volkanik k\u00fcl\u00fcn daha \u00f6nce d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden daha y\u00fckseklere seyahat edebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stererek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, iklim ve volkanik aktivite aras\u0131ndaki karma\u015f\u0131k ili\u015fkiyi anlamak i\u00e7in yeni yollar a\u00e7\u0131yor.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Napolyon’un Waterloo’daki Yenilgisi: Volkanik Bir Ba\u011flant\u0131? Waterloo Sava\u015f\u0131 18 Haziran 1815’te Bel\u00e7ika’da Waterloo Sava\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve Avrupa tarihinde d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 niteli\u011finde bir an oldu. Sava\u015fta Napolyon Bonapart liderli\u011findeki Frans\u0131z ordusu,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[97,17384,7431,27,1265,22102,99],"class_list":["post-16705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-science","tag-climate","tag-napoleon","tag-history","tag-volcano","tag-waterloo","tag-lifescienceart"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16705"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16706,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705\/revisions\/16706"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16705"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16705"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16705"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}