George Pullman, Chicago’da binalar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131yarak in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kariyerine ba\u015flad\u0131. Yenilik konusunda keskin bir g\u00f6z\u00fc olan zeki bir i\u015f adam\u0131yd\u0131 ve demiryolu end\u00fcstrisinin potansiyelini h\u0131zla fark etti.<\/p>\n\n
\u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f’tan \u00f6nce demiryollar\u0131 bask\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti ve Pullman daha konforlu ve l\u00fcks bir seyahat deneyimi sunma f\u0131rsat\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Hem i\u015f seyahatinde olanlar hem de zenginler aras\u0131nda h\u0131zla pop\u00fclerlik kazanan ilk y\u00fcksek kaliteli yatakl\u0131 vagonlar\u0131 tasarlad\u0131 ve in\u015fa etti.<\/p>\n\n
Pullman’\u0131n \u015firketi, sat\u0131n almalar ve birle\u015fmeler yoluyla yatakl\u0131 vagon end\u00fcstrisinde tekel kazand\u0131. Pullman Car Company, kalite ve s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n e\u015f anlaml\u0131s\u0131 haline geldi, ancak Pullman’\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir bedeli vard\u0131. Afrikal\u0131-Amerikal\u0131 hamal \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00fccretleri \u00f6d\u00fcyor ve onlar i\u00e7in in\u015fa etti\u011fi \u00f6rnek \u015fehirdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na kat\u0131 kurallar uygulamaya koydu.<\/p>\n\n
1893’te mali bir panik, \u00fclkeyi derin bir bunal\u0131ma s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Pullman, i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kararak ve \u00fccretleri keserek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi, ancak \u00f6rnek \u015fehrindeki kiralar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyi reddetti. \u015eirketin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcnden b\u0131kan Pullman \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 1894’te greve gitti.<\/p>\n\n
Pullman grevi, Eugene V. Debs taraf\u0131ndan kurulan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131 olan Amerikan Demiryolu Birli\u011fi (ARU) taraf\u0131ndan organize edildi. ARU, grev \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclene kadar Pullman vagonlar\u0131n\u0131 boykot etmeye oy verdi ve \u00fclkenin bir\u00e7ok demiryolu hatt\u0131n\u0131 kapatarak ulusal bir krize neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n
Pullman grevi, federal h\u00fck\u00fcmetin i\u015f\u00e7i anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131ndaki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir s\u0131nav\u0131 haline geldi. Demiryolu \u015firketleri ve m\u00fcttefikleri h\u00fck\u00fcmetten m\u00fcdahale etmelerini istedi ve Ba\u015fsavc\u0131 Richard Olney, \u00fclkenin “anar\u015finin e\u015fi\u011fine” geldi\u011fini ilan etti. Ba\u015fkan Grover Cleveland, grevi k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Chicago’ya federal birlikler g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n\n
Pullman grevi sonunda yenildi, ancak Amerikan i\u015f\u00e7i hareketi \u00fczerinde ve ulusun siyasi manzaras\u0131 \u00fczerinde derin bir etkisi oldu. ARU’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ve Amerikal\u0131 siyasetinde bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak sosyalizmin y\u00fckseli\u015fine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n
George Pullman’\u0131n itibar\u0131 Pullman grevinden sonra asla tam olarak d\u00fczelmedi. \u015eirket a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin k\u00f6t\u00fc durumuna kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sembol\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Pullman 1897’de \u00f6ld\u00fc ve v\u00fccudu k\u00fcf\u00fcr edilmesinden korkularak g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015f betona g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n
Pullman grevi Amerikan tarihinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131yd\u0131. Yald\u0131zl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011f’da emek ve sermaye aras\u0131ndaki derin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve demiryolu end\u00fcstrisinin devlet taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmesi ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 vurgulad\u0131. Grev ayn\u0131 zamanda Afrikal\u0131-Amerikal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin k\u00f6t\u00fc durumu ve sendikalar\u0131n \u00f6nemi konusunda da fark\u0131ndal\u0131k yaratt\u0131.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
George Pullman: Yatakl\u0131 Vagon Kral\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc Erken Ya\u015fam ve Kariyer George Pullman, Chicago’da binalar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131yarak in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kariyerine ba\u015flad\u0131. Yenilik konusunda keskin bir g\u00f6z\u00fc olan zeki bir…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24875,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[19,22604,4015,17452,22606,22605,2413],"class_list":["post-17121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-american-history","tag-george-pullman","tag-industrial-revolution","tag-labor-unions","tag-railroad-industry","tag-sleeping-cars","tag-gilded-age"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17121"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24876,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121\/revisions\/24876"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24875"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17121"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}