{"id":4421,"date":"2022-07-22T09:38:52","date_gmt":"2022-07-22T09:38:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4421"},"modified":"2022-07-22T09:38:52","modified_gmt":"2022-07-22T09:38:52","slug":"smallpox-epidemic-mandan-indians-tragic-history-and-lessons-learned","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/science\/medical-history\/smallpox-epidemic-mandan-indians-tragic-history-and-lessons-learned\/","title":{"rendered":"Mandan Yerlilerini Yok Eden \u00c7i\u00e7ek Salg\u0131n\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c7i\u00e7ek Salg\u0131n\u0131 Mandan Yerlilerini Yok Etti<\/h2>\n\n

Salg\u0131n\u0131n Tarih\u00e7esi<\/h2>\n\n

1837’de St. Peters adl\u0131 vapur Fort Clark’a yana\u015farak \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir y\u00fck getirdi: \u00e7i\u00e7ek vir\u00fcs\u00fc. Vir\u00fcs daha \u00f6nce y\u00fcksek d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdeki Amerikan yerlisi kabilelerini harap etmi\u015fti, ancak Mandanlar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gazab\u0131ndan ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve art\u0131k hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a hassast\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n

Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n

\u00c7i\u00e7ek salg\u0131n\u0131 Mandan k\u00f6y\u00fcnde yay\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a korkun\u00e7 ac\u0131lara ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere neden oldu. Kurbanlar y\u00fcksek ate\u015f, titreme ve dayan\u0131lmaz a\u011fr\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131lar. \u00c7o\u011funlukla \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n karakteristik kabarc\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce \u00f6l\u00fcyorlard\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131 ve t\u00fcm aileler birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yok oldu.<\/p>\n\n

Joshua Pilcher’\u0131n A\u015f\u0131lama Kampanyas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n

Yakla\u015fan felaketle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan yeni atanan Sioux Ajans\u0131 ajan\u0131 Joshua Pilcher harekete ge\u00e7ti. H\u00e2l\u00e2 d\u00fczl\u00fcklerde avlanan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe Siouxlar\u0131n Mandanlarla ayn\u0131 kaderden kurtulabilece\u011fini fark etti. Pilcher, inek \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi (\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fin daha hafif bir formu ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011flayan) a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Siouxlara uygulamas\u0131 i\u00e7in Dr. Joseph DePrefontaine’i i\u015fe ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Tehlikelere ve \u00f6fkeli kabilelerin direni\u015flerine ra\u011fmen Pilcher ve DePrefontaine olabildi\u011fince \u00e7ok Siu’ya a\u015f\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in tehlikeli bir g\u00f6reve giri\u015ftiler. Missouri Nehri boyunca ilerleyerek binlerce yerliyi a\u015f\u0131lad\u0131lar. Ancak hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131z kalan birka\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7ebe Lakota grubunu bulamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n

Amerikan Yerlisi Kabileleri \u00dczerindeki Etkisi<\/h2>\n\n

\u00c7i\u00e7ek salg\u0131n\u0131, y\u00fcksek d\u00fczl\u00fcklerdeki Amerikan yerlisi kabileleri \u00fczerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir etki yaratt\u0131. Bir zamanlar 1.600 ki\u015filik geli\u015fen bir kabile olan Mandanlar sadece 31 ki\u015fiye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Hidatsa ve Arikara gibi di\u011fer kabileler de a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdi. Salg\u0131n kabilelerin ekonomilerini zay\u0131flatt\u0131, sosyal sistemlerini yok etti ve n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131 onard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Etik Sonu\u00e7lar<\/h2>\n\n

Mandan Yerlileri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7i\u00e7ek salg\u0131n\u0131, a\u015f\u0131lama ve t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahalelerin yerli topluluklardaki rol\u00fc hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli etik sorular\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir. Baz\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lderililer bug\u00fcn iyi niyetli olsa da a\u015f\u0131 kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin ve ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131n\u0131n kayb\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f olabilece\u011fine inanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n

Salg\u0131n\u0131n Miras\u0131<\/h2>\n\n

1837 \u00e7i\u00e7ek salg\u0131n\u0131, bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n savunmas\u0131z n\u00fcfuslar \u00fczerindeki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisinin trajik bir hat\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak hizmet etmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca gelecekteki salg\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131laman\u0131n ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerinin \u00f6nemini de vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u00e7i\u00e7ek vir\u00fcs\u00fc hala ara\u015ft\u0131rma tesislerinde bulunmakta ve bu da biyoter\u00f6rizm potansiyeli konusunda endi\u015felere yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Canlanma ve Koruma<\/h2>\n\n

Mandanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kay\u0131plara ra\u011fmen, torunlar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miraslar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya ve canland\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. Amy Mossett gibi e\u011fitimciler ve terc\u00fcmanlar Mandan dilini ya\u015fatmaya ve atalar\u0131n\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k hikayesini payla\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Fort Clark’taki eski Mandan k\u00f6y\u00fc gibi kutsal alanlar kabile i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor ve tarihlerinin ve geleneklerinin bir hat\u0131rlat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak hizmet ediyor.<\/p>\n\n

\u00d6\u011frenilen Dersler<\/h2>\n\n

Mandan Yerlileri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7i\u00e7ek salg\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u00e7in de\u011ferli dersler sunmaktad\u0131r. \u015eunlar\u0131n \u00f6nemini g\u00f6stermektedir:<\/p>\n\n