{"id":4756,"date":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","date_gmt":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=4756"},"modified":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","modified_gmt":"2024-01-11T22:46:16","slug":"remembering-bernice-sandler-godmother-of-title-ix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/life\/education\/remembering-bernice-sandler-godmother-of-title-ix\/","title":{"rendered":"Bernice Sandler: Title IX’un Vaftiz Annesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bernice Sandler’\u0131, “Title IX’un Vaftiz Annesi”ni An\u0131yoruz<\/h2>\n\n

Erken Ya\u015fam\u0131 ve Kariyeri<\/h2>\n\n

Sevgiyle “Bunny” olarak bilinen Bernice Sandler, e\u011fitime eri\u015fimde cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye hayat\u0131n\u0131 adayan \u00f6nc\u00fc bir akademisyendi. 1960’larda, doktoras\u0131n\u0131 yaparken ve Maryland \u00dcniversitesi’nde yar\u0131 zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, cinsiyetinden dolay\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6nyarg\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Fark\u0131na Varmas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n

Sandler’\u0131n niteliklerine ra\u011fmen bir i\u015f i\u00e7in g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmesi d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 niteli\u011finde bir olayd\u0131. Bir meslekta\u015f\u0131, onun “bir kad\u0131n i\u00e7in fazla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc” oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Bu fark\u0131ndal\u0131k, i\u00e7inde derin bir adaletsizlik duygusu uyand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Title IX’a Giden Yol<\/h2>\n\n

Sandler ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara dald\u0131 ve federal y\u00fcklenicilerin \u0131rk, renk, din ve ulusal k\u00f6kene dayal\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasaklayan 11246 say\u0131l\u0131 Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kararnamesi’ni ke\u015ffetti. Bu kararnameye cinsiyetin de dahil edildi\u011fini fark etti.<\/p>\n\n

De\u011fi\u015fim \u0130\u00e7in Harekete Ge\u00e7me<\/h2>\n\n

Bu bilgiyle donanan Sandler, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Kad\u0131n E\u015fitli\u011fi Eylem Birli\u011fi ile temasa ge\u00e7ti. Birlikte, \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki kolej ve \u00fcniversitelere kar\u015f\u0131 istihdam ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle toplu dava a\u00e7t\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n

Kongre Oturumlar\u0131 ve Title IX<\/h2>\n\n

Konu sonunda Kongre’ye ula\u015ft\u0131 ve Sandler, y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretim alt komitesine ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eden Temsilci Edith Green i\u00e7in bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan olarak i\u015fe al\u0131nd\u0131. 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitimi ve istihdam\u0131 \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan duru\u015fmalar, 1972 E\u011fitim De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri’ne dahil edilen Title IX’un tasla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

\u00c7\u0131\u011f\u0131r A\u00e7an Mevzuat<\/h2>\n\n

Title IX, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’nde hi\u00e7bir ki\u015finin cinsiyetine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n federal fon alan herhangi bir e\u011fitim program\u0131 veya faaliyetinden d\u0131\u015flanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa u\u011frat\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. Bu yasa, istihdamdan ders d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etkinliklere ve spora kadar akademik hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in f\u0131rsatlar yaratarak e\u011fitimi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n

E\u011fitim ve Spor \u00dczerindeki Etkisi<\/h2>\n\n

Title IX’un kad\u0131nlar\u0131n spora kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde derin bir etkisi oldu. Yasan\u0131n kabul\u00fcnden \u00f6nce, lise sporlar\u0131na kat\u0131lan k\u0131zlar\u0131n oran\u0131 26’da 1’di. Bug\u00fcn ise her be\u015f k\u0131zdan ikisi atletizmle ilgileniyor.<\/p>\n\n

\u0130stihdam\u0131n \u00d6tesinde<\/h2>\n\n

1990’lardaki Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme kararlar\u0131, Title IX’un kapsam\u0131n\u0131 okul kamp\u00fcslerinde cinsel taciz ve cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 korumay\u0131 da i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n\n

Hayat Boyu Savunuculuk<\/h2>\n\n

Sandler, ger\u00e7ek cinsiyet e\u015fitli\u011fini uygulaman\u0131n s\u00fcregelen bir m\u00fccadele olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu. Title IX’un kabul edilmesinden sonra, kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 savunuculu\u011funa devam etmek i\u00e7in Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Stat\u00fcs\u00fc ve E\u011fitimi Projesi ile Kad\u0131n Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve E\u011fitim Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fc kurdu.<\/p>\n\n

Miras\u0131 ve Takdiri<\/h2>\n\n

Bernice Sandler’\u0131n cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye olan sars\u0131lmaz ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Amerikan e\u011fitiminde silinmez bir iz b\u0131rakt\u0131. Ulusal Kad\u0131nlar \u015eeref Listesi’ne dahil edildi ve miras\u0131, cinsiyet e\u015fitli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara ilham vermeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n

Sandler’\u0131n Gelecek \u0130\u00e7in Vizyonu<\/h2>\n\n

2007’de Sandler, Title IX hareketini “Sanayi Devrimi kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkiye sahip bir sosyal devrim” olarak nitelendirerek de\u011ferlendirdi. \u0130lerleme kaydedildi\u011fini kabul etmekle birlikte, tam cinsiyet e\u015fitli\u011fine giden yolculu\u011fun hen\u00fcz bitmedi\u011fini vurgulad\u0131.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bernice Sandler’\u0131, “Title IX’un Vaftiz Annesi”ni An\u0131yoruz Erken Ya\u015fam\u0131 ve Kariyeri Sevgiyle “Bunny” olarak bilinen Bernice Sandler, e\u011fitime eri\u015fimde cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye hayat\u0131n\u0131 adayan \u00f6nc\u00fc bir akademisyendi. 1960’larda, doktoras\u0131n\u0131…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1513],"tags":[8565,170,2468,2715,8567,8566],"class_list":["post-4756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education","tag-bernice-sandler","tag-education","tag-womens-rights","tag-sports","tag-gender-equity","tag-title-ix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4756","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4756"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4757,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4756\/revisions\/4757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}