{"id":11212,"date":"2020-12-17T12:51:43","date_gmt":"2020-12-17T12:51:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11212"},"modified":"2020-12-17T12:51:43","modified_gmt":"2020-12-17T12:51:43","slug":"war-and-the-timeless-impact-of-facial-injuries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/medical-humanities\/war-and-the-timeless-impact-of-facial-injuries\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh: Th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh: Th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh<\/h2>\n\n

Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

Chi\u1ebfn tranh lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a nh\u00f2a trong tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c dai d\u1eb3ng, khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/h2>\n\n

Trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Anh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb7ng \u1edf m\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 che gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tia hy v\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9; ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n

Tr\u0103n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n\n

Ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Harold Gillies ti\u00ean phong trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy m\u00f4 t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. H\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u00e1m \u1ea3nh Gillies, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf m\u1eb7t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n\n

G\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Iraq<\/h2>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Iraq, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 binh l\u00ednh m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n

Khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y: Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 xa v\u1eddi<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf m\u1eb7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian, cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 mong manh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn sau xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00e0nh Troy hay Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c lay \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u1eafng nghe c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u00e0 chung tay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u01a1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh v\u00ec t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n nghi\u00eam v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh: Th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Chi\u1ebfn tranh lu\u00f4n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15176],"tags":[15175,4045,243,27,1129],"class_list":["post-11212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medical-humanities","tag-facial-injuries","tag-war","tag-resilience","tag-history","tag-medicine"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11212"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11213,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11212\/revisions\/11213"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11212"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}