{"id":11431,"date":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","date_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11431"},"modified":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","slug":"herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/history-of-science\/herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker\/","title":{"rendered":"Herbert Spencer: Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi Victoria g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i"},"content":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi Victoria g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i<\/h2>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u<\/h2>\n\n

Herbert Spencer, sinh n\u0103m 1820, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi Victoria t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng danh ti\u1ebfng nh\u1edd c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n

Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 “S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t”<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Spencer v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Darwin “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i”, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t”. \u00d4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Darwin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Spencer sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Darwin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Spencer n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng sai l\u1ea7m c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Spencer mang t\u00ednh ti\u00ean phong, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m ngo\u1ea1i suy t\u1eeb ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m “sai l\u1ea7m duy t\u00e2m” khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng r\u00fat ra \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/h2>\n\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Spencer. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha, l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Spencer c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Spencer \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 Steven Pinker v\u00e0 E.O. Wilson, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Spencer m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n

Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 suy gi\u1ea3m khi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1903 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Ngh\u0129a trang Highgate n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Karl Marx, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Spencer<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i xung quanh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Spencer v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi Victoria g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u Herbert Spencer, sinh n\u0103m 1820, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi Victoria…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23930,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[2546,15481,15480,35,1900,136,98],"class_list":["post-11431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-natural-selection","tag-social-darwinism","tag-herbert-spencer","tag-science-history","tag-victorian-era","tag-evolution","tag-philosophy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11431"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11432,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions\/11432"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}