{"id":11435,"date":"2022-08-26T13:42:42","date_gmt":"2022-08-26T13:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11435"},"modified":"2022-08-26T13:42:42","modified_gmt":"2022-08-26T13:42:42","slug":"ancient-egyptian-life-revealed-through-18000-ostraca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/ancient-egyptian-life-revealed-through-18000-ostraca\/","title":{"rendered":"18.000 m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

18.000 m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111ang khai qu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Athribis c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c: h\u01a1n 18.000 m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 “s\u1ed5 tay” c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u1eeb danh s\u00e1ch mua s\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Athribis c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1: C\u1eeda s\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ostraca” trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf r\u1ebb h\u01a1n gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3i, ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y s\u1eady ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t thanh r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0o m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Athribis \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n

Kho t\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng tin<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 danh s\u00e1ch mua s\u1eafm ghi chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch mua l\u00faa m\u00ec, b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c, cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 giao d\u1ecbch ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong Athribis.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t sau, cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh h\u01b0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t ch\u00e9p ph\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, b\u00e0i to\u00e1n s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i lo\u00e0i chim”, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chim c\u00f3 t\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Athribis. Kho\u1ea3ng 80% c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a cha Cleopatra, Ptolemy XII. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh, ch\u1eef hieratic, ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Coptic (m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Hy L\u1ea1p) c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

H\u00e9 l\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/h2>\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Athribis trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ptolemaios mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 s\u01a1 khai.<\/p>\n\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t “c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u thang v\u00e0 m\u00e1i v\u00f2m” \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m khai qu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Deir el-Medina, g\u1ea7n Thung l\u0169ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua.<\/p>\n\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/h2>\n\n

Theo Mostafa Waziri, T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u1ed1i cao v\u1ec1 C\u1ed5 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 C\u1ed5 v\u1eadt Ai C\u1eadp, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 l\u00e0 “r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng” v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf Athribis trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u00d4ng cho bi\u1ebft: “B\u1ea3n v\u0103n ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong khu v\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u00e1c nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 l\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec”.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 t\u1eeb Athribis cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

18.000 m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m v\u1ee1 h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111ang khai…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[541,15484,170,15483,88,27,63],"class_list":["post-11435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-ancient-egypt","tag-daily-life","tag-education","tag-ostraca","tag-archaeology","tag-history","tag-culture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11435","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11435"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11435\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11436,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11435\/revisions\/11436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11435"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11435"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11435"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}