{"id":11538,"date":"2023-03-31T20:42:19","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T20:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11538"},"modified":"2023-03-31T20:42:19","modified_gmt":"2023-03-31T20:42:19","slug":"humans-and-war-debunking-the-myth-of-the-peaceful-savage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/anthropology\/humans-and-war-debunking-the-myth-of-the-peaceful-savage\/","title":{"rendered":"Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh: \u0110\u1eadp tan huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb man r\u1ee3 y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh"},"content":{"rendered":"

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh: Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb man r\u1ee3 y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eadp tan \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h2>\n\n

Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb man r\u1ee3 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh Assyria \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m bia \u0111\u00e1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c pharaoh Ai C\u1eadp chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng k\u1ebb th\u00f9, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ebd n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u201c\u00f4n h\u00f2a\u201d nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00dac, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Eskimo v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Boshim th\u00ec c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c. Steven A. LeBlanc, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Harvard, cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh lu\u00f4n song h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng sinh th\u00e1i: \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/h2>\n\n

LeBlanc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng sinh th\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra chi\u1ebfn tranh. Khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai b\u1ecb xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t xung \u0111\u1ed9t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Balkans c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 suy tho\u00e1i sinh th\u00e1i, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t li\u00ean mi\u00ean \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

Chi\u1ebfn tranh trong t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/h2>\n\n

Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. H\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n, nh\u01b0 tinh tinh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi chi\u1ebfn tranh d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb man r\u1ee3 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng do Rousseau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n

Di t\u00edch x\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c di t\u00edch x\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 n\u1ea1n b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u00dac c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n b\u1eafn h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho chi\u1ebfn tranh. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0y th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n

N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gia t\u0103ng chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/h2>\n\n

S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb s\u0103n b\u1eafn h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m sang l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 10.000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khai th\u00e1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, khi\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m.<\/p>\n\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9: B\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng<\/h2>\n\n

Judith Martin, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Miss Manners, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nghi th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 giao \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cStar-Spangled Manners\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. B\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia. Tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i.<\/p>\n\n

L\u00f2ng l\u1ea1c quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9<\/h2>\n\n

Martin x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00f2ng l\u1ea1c quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 tin v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. H\u1ecd coi tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 coi th\u1eddi gian gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f3 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u<\/h2>\n\n

Martin c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f3 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ecb gi\u1eb1ng x\u00e9 gi\u1eefa mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec7n nghi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh: Ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb man r\u1ee3 y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eadp tan \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng Trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[1325,3270,15609,5292,2623,88,27,132,195,136,1164],"class_list":["post-11538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-human-nature","tag-warfare","tag-egalitarianism","tag-social-behavior","tag-peace","tag-archaeology","tag-history","tag-anthropology","tag-mythology","tag-evolution","tag-conflict"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11538","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11538"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11538\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11539,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11538\/revisions\/11539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11538"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11538"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11538"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}