{"id":11774,"date":"2021-07-27T11:56:40","date_gmt":"2021-07-27T11:56:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11774"},"modified":"2021-07-27T11:56:40","modified_gmt":"2021-07-27T11:56:40","slug":"great-feuds-and-portraits-of-discovery-the-human-side-of-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/science\/history-and-philosophy-of-science\/great-feuds-and-portraits-of-discovery-the-human-side-of-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u00fat chi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1: M\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1: M\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1ch quan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch “Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn trong khoa h\u1ecdc” c\u1ee7a Hal Hellman v\u00e0 “Ch\u00e2n dung v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1” c\u1ee7a George Greenstein \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn s\u1eafc th\u00e1i h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00fang ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn trong khoa h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Hellman t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Galileo v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a Derek Freeman \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Samoa c\u1ee7a Margaret Mead. Hellman kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y, v\u00e9n m\u00e0n nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n\n

Ch\u00e2n dung v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1<\/h2>\n\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Greenstein cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 \u00f3c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong khoa h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m George Gamow, Richard Feynman, Luis Alvarez v\u00e0 J. Robert Oppenheimer. \u00d4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh khoa h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/h2>\n\n

Greenstein c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a “khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn”, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n

S\u1ef1\u62b5\u5236 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi<\/h2>\n\n

C\u1ea3 Hellman v\u00e0 Greenstein \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1\u62b5\u5236 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta, c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u1ea3y l\u1eeda, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n

Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong khoa h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n

Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Hellman v\u00e0 Greenstein nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n

M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p logic v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t, trong khi khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc. Greenstein l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u1ecfi khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi mong mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 Hellman v\u00e0 Greenstein ch\u1ec9 ra, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tham v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 danh ti\u1ebfng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u1eabn ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong y h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n

“Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn trong khoa h\u1ecdc” v\u00e0 “Ch\u00e2n dung v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1” cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00fang nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c truy t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng, kh\u00e1ch quan, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi \u0111am m\u00ea, th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00f3.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1: M\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ch…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15919],"tags":[1325,37,97,27,15917,1532,15918],"class_list":["post-11774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history-and-philosophy-of-science","tag-human-nature","tag-innovation","tag-science","tag-history","tag-great-minds","tag-discovery","tag-scientific-controversies"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11774"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11775,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11774\/revisions\/11775"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11774"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}